Art in Theory

Paul Wood is Research Associate in the Department of Art History at the Open University. He has published widely in the field of art history and is co-editor of three previous volumes of Art in Theory, recounting the development of Western art from the Academy to postmodernism. Leon Wainwright is Professor of Art History at the Open University. He is the author of Timed Out: Art and the Transnational Caribbean (2011) and Phenomenal Difference: A Philosophy of Black British Art (2017). He has co-edited studies on modern and contemporary art, anthropology and museums.

• Acknowledgements xxviiA Note on the Presentation and Editing of Texts xxviiiGeneral Introduction xxxiI Encountering the World 1Introduction 1IA Figures of Wealth and Power 91 Robert of Clarifrom The Conquest of Constantinople 1204/1216 92 Giovanni di Pian de Carpini (‘John of Carpini’)from his Journey to the Court of Kuyuk Khan 1245–7 113 Marco Polofrom The Travels c.1299 134 ‘Sir John Mandeville’from his Travels c.1356 165 Various authors on artistic and cultural relations between Italian city states and the Ottoman and Mamluk empires during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries 185 (i) Sigismondo Malatesta of RiminiLetter of introduction for Matteo de’ Pasti to Mehmed II 1461 195 (ii) Marin Sanudofrom his diary for 1 August 1479 205 (iii) Mehmed IIto the Venetian Senate 1480 205 (iv) The Venetian SenateLetter to Mehmed II 1480 215 (v) Luca Landuccifrom his Florentine diary 1487 215 (vi) Leonardo da Vincifrom a letter to Sultan Bayezid II before 1512 225 (vii) Tommaso di Tolfofrom a letter to Michelangelo 1519 226 Giovanni da EmpoliOn India, Ceylon and the Spice Islands 1514 237 João de Castrofrom Roteiro de Goa até Dio 1540s 248 Simão de Melofrom an inventory of his goods 1570s 269 Johann Huyghen van LinschotenOn Indian religious art 1596 2910 Duarte de Sandefrom ‘An Excellent Treatise of the Kingdom of China’ c.1590 3211 Matteo Riccifrom his journal c.1582–1610/1615 3412 Jean‐Baptiste TavernierOn the Peacock Throne 38IB Across the Ocean Sea 401 Christopher ColumbusTwo texts from his first voyage to America 1492 402 Amerigo VespucciLetter to Lorenzo Pietro Franco de Medici 1503 433 Hernán CortésTwo letters from Mexico 1519 and 1520 454 Bartolomé de Las Casasfrom Apologetic History of the Indies c.1542–52 485 Toribio de Benavente (‘Motolinía’)from History of the Indians of New Spain 1536 516 First Provincial Council in Lima 1551–2On the destruction of Indian sacred sites 527 Jean de Léryfrom History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil c.1563–80 538 Thomas Harriotfrom A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia 1590 549 Bernardo de Balbuenafrom Grandeza Mexicana 1604 5710 Juan Rodriguez FreileOn the legend of El Dorado 1636 6011 John LokA Voyage to Guinea in the year 1554 6112 Olfert DapperOn the city of Benin 1668 6213 William DampierThe first encounter with Indigenous Australian people c.1688/99 64IC Scholarly Responses 661 Anon.from the Inventory of the Palazzo Medici 1492 662 Albrecht Dürerfrom his diary of his journey to the Netherlands 1520 703 Thomas PlatterOn Mr Cope’s cabinet of curiosities 1599 714 Michel de Montaigne‘On the Cannibals’ c.1580s 745 Christopher Marlowefrom Tamburlaine the Great c.1590 766 Francis Bacon‘Of Plantations’ c.1597–1625 777 Francis Baconfrom New Atlantis c.1620–5 798 Martin de Charmoisfrom his Petition to the King and to the Lords of his Council 1648 819 Dorothy Osbornefrom letters to Sir William Temple 1653 8210 Thomas Hobbes‘Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind’ 1651 8311 John Tradescantfrom the Museum Tradescantianum, or A Collection of Rarities 1656 8312 John Drydenon the ‘Noble Savage’ 1670–2 9113 Aphra Behnfrom Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave c.1663–4/1688 9114 Charles Perraultfrom Parallel of the Ancients and Moderns 1688 9315 William TempleOn the distinctiveness of Chinese gardens 1690 9416 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnizfrom ‘Preface’ to Novissima Sinica c.1690 9617 John Locke‘Of Property’, from Two Treatises of Government c.1690 98II Enlightenment and Expansion 101Introduction 101IIA The Orient in Fact and Fancy 1091 Antoine GallandPreface to d’Herbelot’s Bibliothèque Orientale 1697 1092 Anon.from The Arabian Nights Entertainments 1713 1113 Lady Mary Wortley MontaguLetters from the Turkish Empire c.1716–18 1144 Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieufrom Persian Letters 1721 1195 Joseph Addisonfrom ‘The Pleasures of the Imagination’ 1712 1206 John Shebbeare‘The taste of England at present …’ 1756 1217 Oliver Goldsmithfrom The Citizen of the World 1765 1228 Sir William Chambersfrom A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening 1772 1249 Sir William Jonesfrom his Discourses to the Asiatick Society of Bengal 1784 and 1785 12710 William Beckford of Fonthillfrom Vathek 1786 13011 Sir George Stauntonfrom his account of the Macartney embassy to China 1797 133IIB Curiosities and Colonies 1371 Hans Sloanefrom The Natural History of Jamaica c.1690/1707 1372 Jonathan Swiftfrom Gulliver’s Travels 1726 1383 Louis Antoine de BougainvilleOn Tahiti 1768/72 1404 A selection of texts from the Cook voyages to the Pacific 1768–80 1434 (i) Joseph BanksOn two figures and a Marae, or temple precinct, in Tahiti June 1769 1454 (ii) James CookTwo accounts of the practice of tattooing 147(a) in Tahiti July 1769(b) in New Zealand March 17704 (iii) James CookOn the people of Australia April to August 1770 1484 (iv) William WalesAn account of music and dancing in Tahiti 1773 1504 (v) George ForsterAn account of artefacts at Tonga October 1773 1524 (vi) George ForsterOn the stone statues and wood carvings of Easter Island March 1774 1535 Ignatius Sancho and Laurence SterneAn exchange of letters 1766 1556 Manuel Amat y Junyent, Viceroy of PeruLetter on ‘Casta’ paintings 1770 1577 Ignatius SanchoLetter to Jack Wingrave 1778 1588 William Hodgesfrom Travels in India 1780–3/1794 1599 Thomas Jeffersonfrom Notes on the State of Virginia 1787 16210 Olaudah EquianoOn the Middle Passage 1789 16411 William Beckford of Somerleyfrom A Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica 1790 16712 Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802)On revolution, slavery and the Wedgwood medallion 1791 170IIC Changing Ideas and Values 1721 David Humefrom ‘Of National Characters’ 1748 1722 Jean‐Jacques Rousseaufrom ‘A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences’ 1750 1743 Comte de Caylusfrom A Collection of the Antiquities of Egypt 1752 1774 Voltaire (François‐Marie Arouet)from Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations 1756/9 1805 Voltaire (François‐Marie Arouet)from ‘Essay on Taste’ 1759 1846 Immanuel Kantfrom Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime 1763 1857 Johann Joachim Winckelmannfrom The History of Ancient Art 1764 1888 John MillarNotes on the ‘Four Stages’ theory of human development 1760s 1909 Denis Diderot‘Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville’ 1772 19110 Johann Gottfried Herderfrom A Monument to Johann Winckelmann 1778 19411 Samuel JohnsonOn the state of nature 1766–84 19712 Antoine Quatremère de Quincyfrom Egyptian Architecture 1785 19913 Joshua Reynoldsfrom his Discourses 1776 and 1786 20214 Edward GibbonReflections on civilization and barbarism 1788 205III Revolution, Romanticism, Reaction 209Introduction 209IIIA History: Between Spirit and Science 2151 Johann Gottfried Herderfrom Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man 1790 2152 Charles Bellfrom Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting 1806 2183 Friedrich Schlegel‘On the Language and Philosophy of the Indians’ 1808 2214 Joseph Fourierfrom ‘Historical Preface’ to the Description of Egypt 1809 2245 Edward Moorfrom The Hindu Pantheon 1810 2266 Richard Payne Knightfrom An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology 1818 2307 John Flaxman‘Style’ c.1810–26 2338 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegelfrom Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art 1823–9 2359 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegelfrom Lectures on the Philosophy of World History 1830–1 24110 John L. Stephensfrom Incidents of Travel in Yucatan 1843 24411 Arthur Schopenhauer‘On Human Nature’ c.1845–50 24712 Gottfried Semperfrom The Four Elements of Architecture 1851 249IIIB Visions of the Exotic 2531 Samuel Taylor Coleridge‘Kubla Khan’ 1798 2532 Maria Edgeworthfrom The Absentee 1812 2553 George Gordon, Lord Byronfrom The Giaour 1813 2564 Thomas De Quinceyfrom Confessions of an English Opium‐Eater 1821 2615 Johann Wolfgang Goethefrom the West‐Eastern Divan c.1814–19 2646 Giacomo Leopardifrom Zibaldone 1820–3 2687 Alfred, Lord Tennysonfrom ‘Timbuctoo’ 1829 2718 Eugène DelacroixLetters and notes on his journey to North Africa 1832 2749 George Catlin‘Letter from the Mouth of the Yellowstone River’ 1832 27910 John Constablefrom ‘Discourses’ 1836 28111 David RobertsFrom his travels to Egypt and the Middle East 1838–9 28212 Jean Auguste Dominique IngresNotes on the Turkish Baths n.d. 285IIIC Missionaries, Managers and Resistance 2891 Thomas Painefrom Rights of Man 1792 2892 William Blakefrom America, a Prophecy 1793 2923 Mirza Abu Talib (or Taleb) Khanfrom his Travels 1799/1800 2934 Lady Maria Nugentfrom her journal 1801–5 2975 William WordsworthTo Toussaint L’Ouverture 1802 2996 James Millfrom The History of British India 1817 3007 Percy Bysshe Shelley‘Ozymandias’ 1817 3058 Henry Salt and Joseph BanksTwo letters 1818–19 3069 John Davyfrom An Account of the Interior of Ceylon 1821 30710 William Ellisfrom Polynesian Researches 1829 30911 Ram Razfrom Essay on the Architecture of the Hindús 1834 31312 Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord MacaulayMinute on Indian Education 1835 31713 James Mallord William Turner, William Makepeace Thackeray and John RuskinThree texts relating to J. M. W. Turner’s Slave Ship 1840 and 1843 320IV Modernity and Empire 325Introduction 325IVA Enduring Fictions and Transformed Spaces 3291 Théophile Gautierfrom ‘Art in 1848’ 1848 3292 Théophile GautierOn Gérôme and Artistic Orientalism 1856 3303 Théophile Thoré, writing as William Bürger,from ‘New Tendencies in Art’ 1857 3324 Edmond and Jules de Goncourton Japanese art 1861–4 3345 Various authors on Japanese art and the ‘painting of modern life’ 3365 (i) Charles Baudelairefrom a letter to Arsène Houssaye 1861 3365 (ii) Émile ZolaOn Manet 1867 3375 (iii) Edmond DurantyOn ‘the new painting’ 1876 3385 (iv) Stéphane Mallarméfrom ‘The Impressionists and Edouard Manet’ 1876 3395 (v) Théodore DuretOn Japan 1878 3405 (vi) Félix Fénéonfrom ‘The Impressionists in 1886’ 1886 3405 (vii) Vincent Van GoghOn Japan 1888 3416 Philippe Burty‘Ancient Japan and Modern Japan’ 1878 3427 Joris-Karl Huysmansfrom A Rebours 1884 3458 Pierre Lotifrom The Marriage of Loti 1872/1878–9 3459 A cluster of texts on Gauguin and Oceania 3479 (i) Paul Gauguinfrom three letters written before leaving for Polynesia 1890 3489 (ii) Paul Gauguinfrom Noa Noa c.1894 3499 (iii) August Strindberg and Paul Gauguinfrom an exchange of letters 1895 3529 (iv) Paul Gauguinfrom Avant et après, Atuona, Hiva‐Oa 1903 35310 Hermann BahrReview of the Japanese exhibition at the sixth exhibition of the Vienna secession 1900 354IVB Society, Evolution and the Idea of ‘Race’ 3571 Robert Knoxfrom The Races of Men 1850 3572 Joseph‐Arthur, Comte de Gobineaufrom The Inequality of Human Races 1853–5 3613 Solomon Northupfrom Twelve Years a Slave 1854 3644 John Ruskinfrom The Two Paths 1858–9 3665 Ernest Renanfrom ‘The Position of the Shemitic Nations in the History of Civilization’ 1862 3696 Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsOn the emergence of the world system 1848 3727 Karl MarxOn the ‘Asiatic mode of production’ and modern capitalism 1853 3738 The First InternationalAddress to the people of the United States of America 1865 3769 Edmond de Goncourtfrom the Goncourt Journal 1871 37710 Charles Darwinfrom The Descent of Man 1871/1874 37811 Friedrich Nietzsche‘Signs of Higher and Lower Culture’ 1878 38112 Encyclopaedia BritannicaNinth edition: ‘Negro’ 1884 38413 W. T. Stead‘To All English‐speaking Folk’ 1891 38714 R. H. Baconfrom Benin: The City of Blood 1897 38815 Rudyard Kipling‘The White Man’s Burden’ 1899 390IVC Anthropology, Museums and the Origins of Art 3931 Owen Jonesfrom The Grammar of Ornament 1856 3932 Edward Tylorfrom Primitive Culture 1871 3983 Augustus Lane‐Fox Pitt‐Rivers‘Principles of Classification’ 1874 4014 J. G. Frazerfrom The Golden Bough 1890 4045 Ernst Grosse‘Ethnology and Aesthetics’ 1891 4076 Henry Balfourfrom The Evolution of Decorative Art 1893 4107 Alfred Haddonfrom Evolution in Art 1895 4148 Alois Rieglfrom Problems of Style 1893 4179 Alois Riegl‘The Place of the Vapheio Cups in the History of Art’ 1900 42310 George Birdwood‘Conventionalism in Primitive Art’ 1903 425IVD The World in View: Travellers and Teachers 4281 Gérard de Nervalfrom Scenes of Life in the Orient 1843/6–7 4282 Gustave FlaubertOn the pyramids 1850 4303 Hiram Binghamfrom A Residence of Twenty‐One Years in the Sandwich Islands 1847 4314 Sir Colin CampbellLetter to Lord Stanley 1846 4345 Andrew Nicoll‘A Sketching Tour of Five Weeks in the Forests of Ceylon’ 1848/52 4366 Robert Fortunefrom A Residence Among the Chinese 1857 4387 James Fergussonfrom History of Indian Architecture 1876 4428 Rajendralal Mitrafrom Indo‐Aryans 1881 4479 Robert Louis StevensonOn the South Seas 1889–90 45110 C. H. Read and O. M. Dalton‘Works of Art from Benin City’ 1898 45211 Henry Ling Roth‘Primitive Art from Benin’ 1899 45612 Mary Kingsleyfrom West African Studies 1899/1901 458V The Significance of the ‘Primitive’ 463Introduction 463VA Authenticity, Form and Feeling 4671 A cluster of short texts on the initial encounter of the Europeanavant‐garde with African art in 1906–7 4671 (i) André DerainLetter to Maurice de Vlaminck, March 1906 4681 (ii) Maurice de VlaminckOn his ‘discovery’ of African art in 1906 4691 (iii) Henri MatisseOn his encounter with African Art in 1906 4701 (iv) Pablo PicassoOn his visit to the Trocadero museum in 1907 4712 Wilhelm Worringerfrom Abstraction and Empathy 1908 4733 Roger Fry‘The Art of the Bushmen’ 1910 4764 Guillaume Apollinaire‘Exoticism and Ethnography’ 1912 4805 Franz MarcLetter to August Macke 1911 4826 Franz Marc‘The Savages of Germany’ 1912 4837 August Macke‘Masks’ 1912 4848 Emil Nolde‘On Primitive Art’ 1912 4859 Alexander Shevchenko‘Neo‐Primitivism’ 1913 48610 Henri MatisseOn his visits to North Africa 1913 48911 Paul KleeOn his visit to Tunisia 1914 49112 Hermann Bahrfrom Expressionism 1916 492VB The Reach of Empire 4941 James A. Hobsonfrom Imperialism 1902 4942 Charles Augustus Stoddardfrom Cruising Among the Caribbees 1895/1903 4963 Edward Wilmot Blyden‘West Africa Before Europe’ 1903 4994 Kakuso Okakurafrom The Ideals of the East 1903 5025 Sister Nivedita‘Introduction’ to Okakura’s The Ideals of the East 1903 5046 W. E. B. Du Boisfrom The Souls of Black Folk 1903 5057 from the Harmsworth History of the WorldOn the ‘degeneration’ of indigenous Australians 1908 5088 Ananda Coomaraswamy‘The Aims of Indian Art’ 1908 5099 E. B. Havell‘The New Indian School of Painting’ 1908 51210 Lucien Lévy‐Bruhlfrom How Natives Think 1910/26 51411 Leo Frobeniusfrom The Voice of Africa 1913 51912 Sigmund Freudfrom Totem and Taboo 1913 523VI In a World of Colonies 529Introduction 529VIA Modern, Primitive, Universal 5351 Guillaume Apollinaire‘On the Art of the Blacks’ 1917 5352 Guillaume ApollinaireOn African and Oceanic sculptures 1918 5373 Roger Fry‘Negro Sculpture’ 1920 5384 Florent Fels et al.‘Opinions on Negro Art’ 1920 5415 Herbert Readfrom Art Now 1933 5446 James Johnson Sweeney‘The Art of Negro Africa’ 1935 5457 Alain Locke‘African Art: Classic Style’ 1935 5498 Robert Goldwater‘A Definition of Primitivism’ 1938 5519 Margaret Preston‘Paintings in Arnhem Land’ 1940 55410 Henry Moore‘Primitive Art’ 1941 55611 A cluster of short texts by American painters of the 1940son primitive art and myth 55711 (i) Adolph Gottlieb and Mark RothkoStatement 1943 55811 (ii) Adolph Gottlieb and Mark Rothkofrom ‘The Portrait and the Modern Artist’ 1943 55911 (iii) Jackson PollockAnswers to a questionnaire 1944 56011 (iv) Barnett Newman‘Pre‐Columbian Stone Sculpture’ 1944 56011 (v) Barnett Newman‘Art of the South Seas’ 1946 56111 (vi) Barnett Newman‘Northwest Coast Indian Painting’ 1946 56211 (vii) Jackson PollockStatement 1947/8 56311 (viii) Mark Rothkofrom ‘The Romantics were prompted …’ 1947/8 563VIB Western Civilization: For and Against 5651 Rosa Luxemburgfrom The Accumulation of Capital – an Anti‐Critique 1915 5652 Hermann Hesse‘The European’ 1918 5663 Ezra Poundfrom Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 1919 5694 Oswald Spenglerfrom The Decline of the West 1918 5715 Rabindranath Tagorefrom Creative Unity 1922 5746 The Third International‘The Black Question’ 1922 5777 W. E. B. Du Bois‘Criteria of Negro Art’ 1926 5798 Franz Boasfrom Primitive Art 1927 5819 Alain Locke‘Art or Propaganda’ 1928 58410 Sigmund Freudfrom Civilization and Its Discontents 1930 58611 Alfred Rosenbergfrom The Myth of the Twentieth Century 1930 58912 Leo Frobenius‘Reflections on African Art’ 1931 59113 Walter Benjamin‘Experience and Poverty’ 1933 59514 Narranyeri (attributed to David Unaipon)‘A Blackfellow’s Appeal to White Australia’ 1934 59715 Edmund Husserlfrom ‘The Vienna Lecture’ 1935 59916 Julius Lipsfrom The Savage Hits Back 1937 60317 Fernando Ortiz‘The Social Phenomenon of “Transculturation”’ 1940 60618 Eric Williamsfrom Capitalism and Slavery 1944 609VIC The Challenge of the Avant‐Garde 6121 Voldemārs Matvejas/‘Vladimir Markov’‘Negro Art’ 1912–14/19 6122 Carl Einsteinfrom Negerplastik 1915 615Contents xxi3 Tristan Tzara‘Chanson du serpent’/‘Song of the Snake’ 1917 6194 Oswald de Andrade‘Cannibalist Manifesto’ 1928 6215 Sergei Eisenstein‘The Cinematographic Principle and the Ideogram’ 1929 6246 Len LyeTwo letters 1929/30 6297 The Surrealist group in Paris‘Don’t Visit the Colonial Exhibition’ 1931 6318 The Surrealist group at the Sorbonnefrom Legitimate Defence 1932 6339 The Surrealist group in Paris‘Murderous Humanitarianism’ 1934 63510 Michel Leirisfrom L’Afrique fantôme/Phantom Africa 1934 63711 Antonin Artaud‘What I Came to Mexico to Do’ 1936 64112 Josef Albers‘Truthfulness in Art’ 1937 64313 Art et Liberté group, Cairo‘Long Live Degenerate Art’ 1938 64714 Aimé Césairefrom Notebook of a Return to My Native Land 1939 64815 Claude Lévi‐Strauss‘The Art of the Northwest Coast’ 1943 65316 Pierre Mabille‘The Jungle’ 1945 656VII Independence and the Post-colonial 661Introduction 661VIIA Resituating Theory and Politics 6671 Jean‐Paul Sartrefrom Black Orpheus 1948 6672 Aimé Césairefrom Discourse on Colonialism 1950/5 6703 Claude Lévi‐Straussfrom Tristes Tropiques 1955 6754 Roland Barthes‘African Grammar’ 1955/7 6795 Frantz Fanonfrom ‘On National Culture’ 1959 6836 George Kublerfrom The Shape of Time 1962 6867 Michel Foucaultfrom The Order of Things 1966 6908 Edward Saidfrom Orientalism 1978 6949 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattarifrom Mille plateaux 1980 69810 Johannes Fabianfrom Time and the Other 1983 702VIIB Exhibitions, Museums and Histories Reimagined 7061 André Malrauxfrom ‘Museum Without Walls’ 1954 7062 Aimé CésaireOn the institution of the museum 1955 7093 Carl Sandburg and Edward Steichenfrom The Family of Man 1955 7104 Roland Barthes‘The Great Family of Man’ 1956/7 7135 Georges Bataille‘The Cradle of Humanity’ 1959 7156 Léopold Sédar Senghorfrom the First World Festival of Black Arts 1966 7197 Robert Farris Thompson‘Yoruba Artistic Criticism’ 1973 7228 Ian Burn‘Art is what we do, culture is what we do to other artists’ 1973 7259 Linda Nochlinfrom ‘The Imaginary Orient’ 1982 72910 Luis Camnitzer‘Report from Havana: The First Biennial of Latin American Art’ 1984 73111 William Rubinfrom ‘Primitivism’ in 20th Century Art 1984 73412 James Clifford‘Histories of the Tribal and the Modern’ 1985 73813 Martin Bernalfrom Black Athena 1987 742VIIC Beyond Modernism 7461 David A. Siqueiros‘Towards a New Integral Art’ 1948 7462 Kazuo Shiraga‘The Shaping of the Individual’ 1956 7483 Ad Reinhardt‘Timeless in Asia’ 1960 7504 George MaciunasFluxus Manifesto 1962 7515 Anni Albers‘Tapestry’ 1965 7526 Hélio Oiticicafrom ‘General Scheme of the New Objectivity’ 1967 and ‘Tropicália’ 1968 7547 María Teresa Gramuglio and Nicolás RosaTucumán Burns 1968 7588 Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiorefrom War and Peace in the Global Village 1968 7619 Robert Smithson‘Incidents of Mirror‐Travel in the Yucatan’ 1969 76410 Nam June Paik‘Global Groove and the Video Common Market’ 1970 76711 Joseph Beuys‘Manifesto on the Foundation of a “Free International Schoolfor Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research”’ 1973 77012 Terry Smith‘The Provincialism Problem’ 1974 77313 Robert Morris‘Aligned with Nazca’ 1975 77614 Lothar Baumgartenfrom ‘Conquering the Southern Continent in the Haze of a Sixpenny Cigar’ 1978/2010 78015 Alfredo JaarStatement 1984 783VIID Asserting Identity 7851 F. N. Souza‘Nirvana of a Maggot’ 1955 7852 James Baldwin‘Princes and Powers’ 1957 7883 Uche Okeke‘Growth of an Idea’ 1959 and ‘Natural Synthesis’ 1960 7924 Aubrey Williams‘The Predicament Of The Artist In The Caribbean’ 1968 7945 Larry Nealfrom ‘The Black Arts Movement’ 1968 7966 Frank Bowling‘It’s Not Enough to Say Black is Beautiful’ 1971 7987 Faith RinggoldInterview on For The Women’s House 1972 8028 Papa Ibra Tall‘Negritude and Contemporary Plastic Art’ 1972 8069 Edward ‘Kamau’ Brathwaitefrom Contradictory Omens 1974 80810 Rasheed Araeen‘Preliminary Notes for a Black Manifesto’ 1978 81311 Ana Mendieta‘Introduction’ to Dialectics of Isolation 1980 81612 Isaac Julien and Kobena Mercer‘De Margin and De Centre’ 1988 817VIII The Global Turn 821Introduction 821VIIIA Critical Revisions: Theory and History 8271 Rasheed Araeen‘Why Third Text?’ 1987 8272 Peter Wollen‘Tourism, Language and Art’ 1990 8303 Homi K. Bhabha‘The Postcolonial and the Postmodern’ 1992/4 8334 Arjun Appaduraifrom Modernity at Large 1996 8365 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negrifrom Empire 2000 8406 Irit RogoffOn visual culture 2000 8447 Richard Bell‘Bell’s Theorem: Aboriginal Art – It’s a White Thing’ 2003 8478 Dipesh Chakrabartyfrom Provincializing Europe 2000 8529 Immanuel Wallersteinfrom World‐Systems Analysis 2004 85510 James Elkinsfrom is Art History Global? 2007 85811 Partha Mitter‘Decentering Modernism’ 2008 86212 Fredric Jamesonfrom A Singular Modernity 2012 86513 Aruna D’SouzaIntroduction to In the Wake of the Global Turn 2014 86914 Peter Weibel‘Modernity Reset: Renaissance 2.0’ 2016 872VIIIB Diversity, Translation, Creolization and Identity 8761 Stuart Hall‘New Ethnicities’ 1988 8762 Édouard Glissant‘Creolisation and the Americas’ 1992 8803 Sonia Boyce and Manthia Diawara‘The Art of Identity: A Conversation’ 1996 8834 Paul Gilroyfrom The Black Atlantic 1993 8885 Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gómez‐PeñaInterview with Anna Johnson 1993 8916 Sarat Maharaj‘Perfidious Fidelity; the Untranslatability of the Other’ 1994 8947 Gordon BennettLetter to Jean‐Michel Basquiat 1998 8978 Antonio Benítez‐Rojo‘Three Words toward Creolization’ 1998 8999 Edward Said‘The Art of Displacement’ 2000 90210 Fred Wilson and Kwame Anthony Appiah‘Fragments of a Conversation’ 2006 90511 Homi K. Bhabha‘Another Country’ 2006 90912 Yinka ShonibareInterview with Bernard Müller 2007 91313 Fiona Tan‘Other Facets of the Same Globe’ 2009 91614 Lubaina Himid‘We are Us not Other’ 2012 91915 Kara Walker‘A Sonorous Subtlety’: an interview with Kara Rooney 2014 92216 Fred MotenOn the art of Chris Ofili, from ‘Blue Vespers’ 2017 925VIIIC Global Art and the Museum 9301 Jean‐Hubert MartinPreface to Magiciens de la terre 1989 9302 Rasheed Araeenfrom The Other Story 1989 9333 Llilian Llanes Godoy‘Introduction’ to the Third Havana Biennial 1989 9374 Luis Camnitzer, Jane Farver and Rachel Weiss‘Foreword’ to Global Conceptualism 1999 9415 Salah M. Hassan and Olu Oguibefrom Authentic/Ex‐Centric 2002 9456 Okwui Enwezor‘The Black Box’ 2002 9487 ArtforumRoundtable discussion on ‘Global Tendencies’ 2003 9538 Kwame Anthony Appiah‘Whose Culture is It Anyway?’ 2006 9579 Chin‐Tao Wu‘Biennials Without Borders?’ 2009 96110 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2012‘Sign and Trace’ 96511 Hans Belting and Andrea Buddensieg‘From Art World to Art Worlds’ 2013 96912 Clémentine Deliss‘Stored Code’ and ‘Foreign Exchange’ 2012/14 972VIIID Concerning the Contemporary 9761 Geeta Kapur‘Contemporary Cultural Practice: Some Polemical Categories’ 1990 9762 Slavoj Žižek‘Multiculturalism, or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism’ 1997 9793 Nicolas Bourriaudfrom Relational Aesthetics 1998/2002 9824 William KentridgeInterview with Dan Cameron 2000/1 9875 Grant Kester‘A Critical Framework for Dialogical Practice’ 2004 9906 Terry Smithfrom What is Contemporary Art? 2009 9947 Hal Foster, Miwon Kwon, Chika Okeke‐Agulu, Alexander Alberro, Christopher P. Heuer, Matthew Jesse Jackson and Andrew Perchuk,Responses to a questionnaire on ‘The Contemporary’ 2009 9988 Ai Weiwei‘Epilogue’ to his blog 2006–9 10059 Francis Alÿs‘Francis Alÿs: A to Z’ 2010 100810 Romuald HazoumèCargoland 2012 101111 Gerardo Mosquera‘Beyond Anthropophagy’ 2013 101312 Xu Bing‘On Holding a Retrospective’ 2014 101713 Doris Salcedo‘A Work in Mourning’ 2014/15 101814 Hito Steyerl‘If You Don’t Have Bread, Eat Art!’ 2017 102115 Art & Languagefrom Flags for Organisations 2018 1025Bibliography 1028Copyright Acknowledgements 1058Index 1086