Arsenic in Plants

Prabhat Kumar Srivastava is an Assistant Professor of Botany in KS Saket PG College, Ayodhya, India. Rachana Singh is a Research Fellow in Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India. Parul Parihar is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India and at the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Sheo Mohan Prasad is a Professor of Botany at the University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.

• List of Contributors xviPreface xxiv1 An Introduction to Arsenic: Sources, Occurrence, and Speciation 1Jabbar Khan, Govind Gupta, Riddhi Shrivastava, and Naveen Kumar Singh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Status of Arsenic Contamination Around the World 21.3 Arsenic in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 31.4 Absolute Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of As in Plants and Agronomic Systems 41.5 Factors Determining Arsenic Speciation and Bioavailability in Soil 41.5.1 Effect of Redox Potential (Eh) and pH 41.5.2 Interactions with Al, Fe, and Mn Oxides and Oxyhydroxides 51.5.3 Interactions with P, Si, and Other Elements’ Concentration in the Soil 61.5.4 Interactions with Organic Matter 71.5.5 Clay Minerals and Other Factors 81.6 Arsenic Speciation in Plants 81.6.1 Methods of Determination of As and As Species in Plants 81.6.2 Uptake and Efflux Mechanism of Arsenate and Arsenite Species 91.6.3 Uptake and Efflux Mechanism of Methylated Arsenic Species 111.6.4 Arsenic and Rhizosphere Interaction (Mycorrhizal Fungi, Rhizofiltration) 121.7 Thiolated Arsenic and Bioavailability of Thiolated As Species in Plants and Terrestrial Environments 131.8 Conclusion 13Acknowledgments 14References 142 Chemistry and Occurrence of Arsenic in Water 25Marta Irene Litter2.1 Chemical Properties of Arsenic 252.2 Worldwide Occurrence of Arsenic 262.3 Arsenic Occurrence in Natural Media 292.4 Arsenic Mobilization in Natural Media 312.5 Biological Methylation of Arsenic in Organisms 352.6 Anthropogenic Arsenic Contamination 392.7 Toxicity of Arsenic in Waters 402.8 Conclusion 41References 423 Arsenic Transport and Metabolism in Plants 49Gerald Zvobgo3.1 Introduction 493.2 Arsenite Influx and Efflux 503.3 Arsenate Influx and Efflux 513.3.1 Arsenate and Phosphate Chemistry 513.3.2 Effects of As and P in Plants 533.3.3 Nature of Phosphate Transporters in Plants 533.3.4 Variations in PHT upon As and P Addition 543.3.5 Gene Manipulation of PHTs and PHT Related TFs 553.4 Transportation of Methylated As Species 563.5 Arsenic Metabolism in Plants 563.6 Conclusion 57References 584 Arsenic Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Different Plant Groups, from Cyanobacteria to Higher Plants 64Kavita Ghosal, Moumita Chatterjee, Sharmistha Ganguly, Subhamita Sen Niyogi, and Dwaipayan Sinha4.1 Introduction 644.2 Responses of Arsenic on Various Plant Groups 664.3 Arsenic Response in Cyanophycean Algae 674.4 Responses on Other Groups of Algae (Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Diatoms, Xanthophyceae, Charophyceae, etc.) 694.4.1 Chlorophyceae 694.4.2 Phaeophyceae 704.4.3 Rhodophyceae 704.4.4 Diatoms 704.5 Responses on Moss 714.6 Arsenic Response on Pteridophyte 724.7 Responses in Angiosperms 734.8 Perception of Arsenic Stress by Plants and Triggering of Signaling Cascades 764.9 Mechanistic Aspects of Responses Related to Arsenic (Effect on ATP Synthesis, Photosynthesis, DNA, Protein, Cell Membrane, Carbohydrate, and Lipid Metabolism) 794.9.1 Effect of Arsenic on ATP Synthesis 794.9.2 Arsenic’s Effect on Photosynthesis 794.9.3 Effect of Arsenic on Cell Membrane 804.9.4 Arsenic Induced Oxidative Stress 804.9.5 Effect of Arsenic on Carbohydrate Metabolism 804.9.6 Effect of Arsenic on Lipid Metabolism 814.9.7 Effect of Arsenic on Protein 814.9.8 Effect of Arsenic on DNA 824.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 82References 835 Arsenic-Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Morphological, Anatomical, and Other Quantitative and Qualitative Characters 99Sumaya Farooq, Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, and Joginder Singh5.1 Introduction 995.2 Impact of Arsenic on the Morphological Characters of Plants 1005.3 Impact of Arsenic on the Anatomical Characters of Plants 1015.4 Effect of As on stem Anatomy of Plants 1025.4.1 Effect of Arsenic on Anatomy of Plants Roots 1035.5 Impacts of Arsenic on Quantitative Characters of Plants 1035.5.1 Root Plasmolysis 1035.5.2 Cell Division 1035.5.3 Biomass 1045.5.4 Energy Flow 1045.5.5 Photosynthetic Pigments 1045.6 Impact of Arsenic on the Qualitative Characters of Plants 1055.6.1 Cellular Membrane Damage 1055.6.2 Leaf Reflectance 1055.6.3 Water Loss 1065.7 Conclusion 106References 1076 Arsenic-Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Biochemical Processes 112Sanjay Kumar, Varsha Rani, Simranjeet Singh, Dhriti Kapoor, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Ankita Thakur, Mamta Pujari, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, and Joginder Singh6.1 Introduction 1126.2 Arsenic Effect on Biochemical Process in Plants 1136.3 Oxidative Stress on the Arsenic-Induced Plant 1146.4 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant 1166.5 Lipid Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant 1186.6 Protein Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant 1206.7 Conclusion 121References 1227 Photosynthetic Responses of Two Salt-Tolerant Plants, Tamarix gallica and Arthrocnemum indicum Against Arsenic Stress: A Case Study 129Dhouha Belhaj Sghaier, Sílvia Pedro, Bernardo Duarte, Isabel Caçador, and Noomene Sleimi7.1 Introduction 1297.2 Metal Uptake 1317.3 Impact of Arsenic on Photosynthetic Pigments 1337.4 Effect of Arsenic on Photosynthetic Apparatus 1377.5 Conclusion 147References 1488 Genomic and Transcriptional Regulation During Arsenic Stress 153Madhu Tiwari, Maria Kidwai, Neelam Gautam, and Debasis Chakrabarty8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Study of Differentially Regulated Genes During Arsenic Stress in Plants 1548.3 Genetic Study of Arsenic-Responsive Genes in Plants 1588.3.1 Genetic Study of Transporters Involved in Arsenic Uptake and Translocation 1588.3.1.1 Transporters Involved in Arsenate Uptake in Plants 1588.3.1.2 Transporters for AsIII Uptake in Plants 1608.3.1.3 Genes Involved in Intracellular AsV to AsIII Conversion in Plants 1608.3.1.4 Transporters for As Translocation 1628.3.1.5 Genetic Study of As Detoxification Genes in Plants 1638.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 165Acknowledgments 166References 1669 Proteomic Regulation During Arsenic Stress 173Naina Marwa, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Gauri Saxena, Vivek Pandey, and Nandita Singh9.1 Introduction 1739.1.1 Proteins in Antioxidative Defense Strategies 1749.2 Molecular Chaperones in Response to Arsenic Stress 1759.3Participation of Protein in CO 2 Assimilation and Photosynthetic Activity 1779.4 Pathogen-Responsive Proteins (PR) in Response to Arsenic Stress 1789.5 Participation of Proteins in Energy Metabolism 1789.6 Possible Pan-interactomics 1799.7 Conclusion 180References 18010 Metabolomic Regulation During the Arsenic Stress 185Pooja Sharma, Anuj Kumar Tiwari, Neeraj Kumar Dubey, Charu Chaturvedi, Amit Prakash Raghuvanshi, and Surendra Pratap Singh10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Arsenic Uptake/Translocation in Plants 18710.3 Arsenic Removal Efficiency in Plants 18810.4 Toxicity of Arsenic on Plants Metabolism 18910.5 Metabolome Regulation and Plants Tolerance 19010.6 Concluding Remarks 191Acknowledgments 192References 19211 Role of Phytohormones in Regulating Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Plants 198Ummey Aymen, Marya Khan, Rachana Singh, Parul Parihar, and Neha Pandey11.1 Arsenic and Its Source 19811.2 Uptake and Transport of Arsenic Within Plants 20011.3 Mechanism of Arsenic Efflux by Plant Roots 20211.4 Impact of Arsenic on Metabolism and its Toxicity in Plants 20311.5 Phytohormones, Their Role and Interaction with Heavy Metals 20511.6 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals with Special Emphasis on Arsenic by Phytohormones 20711.7 Exogenous Application of Phytohormones over Detoxification 20911.8 Conclusion 210References 21012 Influence of Some Chemicals in Mitigating Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Plants 223Palin Sil and Asok K. Biswas12.1 Introduction 22312.2 Role of Phosphorus 22712.3 Role of Nitric Oxide 22912.4 Role of Hydrogen Sulfide 23012.5 Role of Calcium 23012.6 Role of Proline 23112.7 Role of Phytohormones 23212.8 Role of Selenium 23512.9 Role of Silicon 23612.10 Conclusion 238Author Contributions 240Acknowledgments 240References 24013 Strategies to Reduce the Arsenic Contamination in the Soil–Plant System 249Mohammad Mehdizadeh, Waseem Mushtaq, Shahida Anusha Siddiqui, Samina Aslam, Duraid K.A. AL-Taey, Koko Tampubolon, Emad Jafarzadeh, and Anahita Omidi13.1 Introduction 24913.2 Arsenic 25013.3 Arsenic Use in Agricultural Soils 25213.4 Arsenic Fate in Soil 25213.5 Toxicity of Arsenic on Humans, Animals and Plants 25313.6 Strategies to Reduce the Arsenic Contamination in the Soil–Plant System 25413.6.1 Agricultural Management for Detoxification and Mitigation of Arsenic 25413.6.2 Biotechnological Method 25513.6.3 Bioremediation 25613.6.3.1 Phytoremediation 25613.6.3.2 Microbial and Fungal Remediation 25613.6.3.3 Addition of Fertilizers to Soils 25713.6.3.4 Other Methods 25713.7 Conclusions 257References 25914 Arsenic Removal by Phytoremediation Techniques 267Zahra Souri, Hamidreza Sharifan, Letúzia Maria de Oliveira, and Lucy Ngatia14.1 Arsenic Presence in the Environment 26714.2 Arsenic Contamination and its Effects on Human Health 26914.3 Arsenic Toxicity in Plants 27014.4 Arsenic Attenuation by Phytoremediation Technology 27314.5 Phytoextraction 27414.6 Arsenic Hyperaccumulation by Plants 27414.7 Phytostabilization 27514.8 Phytovolatilization 27514.9 Rhizofiltration 27614.10 Novel Approaches of Phytoremediation Technology 27614.10.1 Using Nanotechnology 27614.10.2 Nanoparticles in Soil 27614.10.3 Foliar Application of Nanoparticles 27714.10.4 Intercrops and Rotation Cultivation 27914.10.5 Irrigation Regime Management 27914.10.6 Soil Oxyanions Management 279References 28015 Arsenic Removal by Electrocoagulation 287Aysegul Yagmur Goren and Mehmet Kobya15.1 Introduction 28715.2 Arsenic Contamination in Natural Waters 28715.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Main Arsenic Removal Technologies 29015.4 As Removal Mechanism with EC 29315.5 Operating Parameters Affecting Arsenic Removal Through EC 29515.6 Electrode Shape and Material 29515.7 Solution pH 30115.8 Effect of Applied Current 30215.9 Optimization of EC Arsenic Removal Process 30415.10 Cost of EC Arsenic Removal Method 30515.11 Merits and Demerits 30615.12 Conclusions 307References 30816 Developments in Membrane Technologies and Ion-Exchange Methods for Arsenic Removal from Aquatic Ecosystems 315Muhammad Bilal Shakoor, Israr Masood ul Hasan, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Mujahid Farid, Muzaffar Majid, Irshad Bibi, Asim Jilani, Tanzeela Kokab, and Nabeel Khan Niazi16.1 Introduction 31516.2 Arsenic Chemistry, Sources, and Distribution in Water 31616.3 Health Implications of Arsenic 31816.4 Membrane Technologies 31916.4.1 High-Pressure Membranes 31916.4.1.1 Reverse Osmosis 31916.4.1.2 Nanofiltration 32016.4.2 Low-Pressure Membrane 32016.4.2.1 Microfiltration 32016.4.2.2 Ultrafiltration 32116.5 Ion Exchange 32216.5.1 Ion-Exchange Resins 32316.5.2 Polymeric Ligand Exchangers 32316.5.3 Fe-Loaded Resins 32416.5.4 Cu(II)-Loaded Resins 32516.6 Conclusion 325Acknowledgments 326References 32617 Arsenic Removal by Membrane Technologies and Ion Exchange Methods from Wastewater 330Simranjeet Singh, Harry Kaur, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, and Joginder Singh17.1 Introduction 33017.2 Arsenic Removal Using Membrane Separation 33117.2.1 Microfiltration 33217.2.2 Nanofiltration 33317.2.3 Reverse Osmosis 33317.2.4 Ultrafiltration 33417.3 Arsenic Removal Using Ion Exchange Methods 33417.3.1 Ion Exchange Resin 33417.3.2 Ion Exchange Fiber 33517.4 Methods to Increase the Efficiency of Arsenic Removal 33617.4.1 Oxidation 33617.4.2 Adsorption 33717.4.3 Coagulation and Flocculation 33717.4.4 Phytoremediation 33817.5 Conclusion 338Acknowledgments 339References 33918 Methods to Detect Arsenic Compounds 345Shraddha Mishra and Sanjay Kumar Verma18.1 Introduction 34518.2 Colorimetric Method 34718.3 Electrochemical Method 34718.4 Method Based on FRET 34818.5 Method Based on SPR 34918.6 Method Based on Spectrometry 34918.6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 35018.6.1.1 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 35118.6.1.2 Electrothermal/Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 35118.6.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 35218.6.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques 35218.6.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 35318.6.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry 35318.7 Biosensor for Arsenic Detection 35318.7.1 Whole Cell-Based Biosensor 35418.7.1.1 Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensor 35518.7.1.2 Bioluminescence/Luciferase-Based Biosensor 35618.7.1.3 β-galactosidase/lacZ-based biosensor 35618.7.1.4 Whole-Cell Biosensor Based on Other Approaches 35718.7.2 Cell-Free/Biomolecules-Based Biosensor 35818.7.2.1 DNA-Based Biosensor 35818.7.2.2 Aptamer-Based Biosensors 35918.7.2.3 Protein-Based Biosensors 36118.8 Conclusion 362References 36219 An Overview on Emerging and Innovative Technologies for Regulating Arsenic Toxicity in Plants 367Arun Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, and Anita Singh19.1 Introduction 36719.2 Uptake of Arsenic 36819.3 Arsenic Toxicity on Plants 37019.4 Remediation Strategies of Arsenic Toxicity in Plants 37319.4.1 With the Application of Signaling Molecules and Phytohormones 37319.4.2 With the Application of Nano Particles 37719.4.3 With the Application of Genetic Manipulations 37919.5 Conclusion 381Acknowledgments 381References 38420 A Potential Phytoremedial Strategy for Arsenic from Contaminated Drinking Water Using Hygrophilla spinosa (Starthorn Leaves) 395Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury, Debapriya Sinha, Antara Das, Madhurima Joardar, Anuja Joseph, Iravati Ray, Deepanjan Mridha, Ayan De, and Tarit Roychowdhury20.1 Introduction 39520.2 Methodology 39720.2.1 Adsorbent 39720.2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation of Adsorbent 39720.2.2.1 Sampling Site 39720.2.2.2 Preparation of Material 39720.2.3 Adsorbate 39920.2.4 The Batch Adsorption Study 39920.2.5 Estimation of As 39920.2.6 Estimation of Fe 39920.2.7 Calculation 40020.2.8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 40020.2.9 Statistical Evaluation 40020.3 Results and Discussion 40020.3.1 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage 40020.3.2 Effect of Contact Time 40220.3.3 Effect of pH 40320.3.4 Effect of RPM 40520.4 Conclusion 407References 408Index 411