Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia

Dr. Jay H. Lehr received the nation's first Ph.D. in Ground Water Hydrology from the University of Arizona in 1962, following a degree in Geological Engineering from Princeton University and a few years in the U.S. Navy's Civil Engineering Corps in the Western Pacific. After Graduate school he taught both at the University of Arizona and Ohio State University before serving 25 years as head of the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers where he was editor of the Journals of Ground Water and Ground Water Monitoring Review. During that period he continued to perform academic sponsored research in many areas of environmental science. Since 1994 Dr. Lehr has been Science Director of the Heartland Institute, a free market think tank located in Chicago, IL, which, through its many publications, provides objective technical information to elected officials throughout the United States.Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

• INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHINGHoward C. Hayden xiLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxvPART I WIND1 Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions 3Jacob Ladenburg2 Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10Michael Negnevitsky3 Maximizing the Loading inWind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos4 Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28Angus C. W. Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Fr¨uh5 Fatigue Failure inWind Turbine Blades 52Juan C. Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas6 Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier7 Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80Roger H. Charlier and Alexandre C. Thys8 Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88Justin J. Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy9 Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104Kevin Pope and Greg F. Naterer10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120Petar Sarajcev12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153R. Baile and J. F. Muzy14 Wind Power Budget 163Hugo Abi Karam15 Identification ofWind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dore Landau17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 19418 Wind—Chronological Development 201PART II SOLAR19 Solar Air Conditioning 205Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226Nicolas Budini, Roberto D. Arce, Roman H. Buitrago, and Javier A. Schmidt22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 23323 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research 24124 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 24725 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249PART III GEOTHERMAL26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253Mathew C. Aneke and Mathew C. Menkiti27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A. Dowd, and Martin Hand28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J. Evans30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310Bertrand F. Tchanche31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci33 Thermal Storage 350Marc A. Rosen34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368Rafid Al-Khoury35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 39036 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394PART IV HYDROPOWER37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399Joerg Hartmann38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower 404Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown, and Thomas J. Carlson39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410Joerg Hartmann40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413Urban Kjellen41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423John P. Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426Philip M. Fearnside43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437Timothy C. Sassaman and Daniel Gessler44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J. Carlson, Gene R. Ploskey, Richard S. Brown, Gary E. Johnson, and Alison H. A. Colotelo45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465Omer Aydan46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 48847 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 49248 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS49 Fuel Cell Control 501Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries 547Fiona M. Gray and Michael J. Smith53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566Michael J. Smith and Fiona M. Gray54 AC OR DC 578M. Aram AzadpourPART VI RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS55 Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581Herbert Inhaber56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585Mark Diesendorf57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590Roger H. Charlier58 The Loading ofWater Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606Masami Kojima60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628Marc A. Rosen61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 65763 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 66364 Municipal SolidWaste—Chronological Development 67565 Ethanol—Chronological Development 67766 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680Robert P. Warzinski, Isaac K. Gamwo, Eilis J. Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M. Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D. Jordan, Niall J. English, and David W. Shaw (Public Domain)PART VII SHALE GAS67 Shale Gas Will Rock theWorld 689Amy Myers Jaffe68 What is Shale Gas? 692Energy Information Administration (Public Domain)69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695Public Domain70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697Public Domain71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700Isaac Orr72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain)73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723Public Domain74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725Public Domain75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732Public Domain76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734Neil S. Fishman, ChairINDEX 857

"As a reliable and current reference book, the 912-page Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Shale Gas contains a total of 76 articles [and] covers multiple important alternate energy and renewable energy sources and shale gas topics.... The book... has great value as a current energy reference book in public and university libraries, as well as on the bookshelves of those interested in getting a quick overview of alternate energy sources and shale gas." (The Professional Geologist, 23/01/2017)"Overall the book has a lot of information, some of it of interest to the public and politicians and some of it of interest to engineers. For both groups, this is a useful source of information. The articles have full bibliographies so topics can be taken further." (John Goodier, Reference Reviews, Vol 31, No 3)