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The greatest of the Mughal emperors, Jalal ad-Din Akbar (1542-1603) was a formidable military tactician and popular demagogue. Ascending to the throne at the age of thirteen, he ruled for half a century, expanded the Mughal empire, and left behind a legacy to rival his infamous ancestors Chinggis Khan and Timur. Renowned for his attempts to integrate the diverse religious heritage of India, he was a true polymath who although illiterate was widely active in a number of intellectual pursuits. In this fascinating biography, Andre Wink provides glimpses into Akbar’s daily life and highlights his contribution to new methods of imperial control, surveillance and record-keeping. Contrasting his reign with those of his nomadic Mongol ancestors, this lucid study is an essential read for anyone interested in the history of India and South Asia.
Andre Wink is Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION 1 DIVINE NURSLING OF THE GARDEN OF SOVEREIGNTYAkbar’s birthSeparated from his parentsAkbar’s education 2 AN OLD WORLD GREW YOUNG 3 THE DAILY INCREASING DOMINIONThe Mughal armyThe conquest of GujaratKabul, the North-West Frontier, and the “Great Game” of the sixteenth centuryThe conquest of Bengal 4 CLOUDS AND ELEPHANTS AND MUDEpisode one: 1564–1566Episode two: 1574Episode three: 1589 5 TAMING THE MONGOL BEASTSThe new court etiquetteFrom Chingis Khan to Akbar: the rise of Mughal civilization in the sixteenth centuryMaxims of orderHunting and governmentMongol vegetariansThe emperor never wastes his time 6 MAKER OF THE INDO-MUSLIM WORLDGunpowder empiresAmerican silverThe imperial political system and its Indian foundationsLand revenue and the peasantry 7 SERENE CITY OF UNIVERSAL TOLERANCEAkbar and IslamThe Religion of GodPeace for allAllahu AkbarAfter Akbar: the demise of the Religion of God 8 BEING AKBAR EndnotesFurther ReadingBibliographyIndex