Aircraft Propulsion

Cleaner, Leaner, and Greener

Inbunden, Engelska, 2021

Av Saeed Farokhi

2 169 kr

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Explore the latest edition of a leading resource on sustainable aviation, alternative jet fuels, and new propulsion systemsThe newly revised Third Edition of Aircraft Propulsion delivers a comprehensive update to the successful Second Edition with a renewed focus on the integration of sustainable aviation concepts. The book tackles the impact of aviation on the environment at the engine component level, as well as the role of propulsion system integration on fuel burn. It also discusses combustion emissions, including greenhouse gases, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).Alternative jet fuels, like second generation biofuels and hydrogen, are presented. The distinguished author covers aviation noise from airframe to engine and its impact on community noise in landing and takeoff cycles. The book includes promising new technologies for propulsion and power, like the ultra-high bypass (UHB) turbofan and hybrid-electric and electric propulsion systems.Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of discussions of unsteady propulsion systems in wave-rotor combustion and pulse-detonation engines, as well as: A thorough introduction to the history of the airbreathing jet engine, including innovations in aircraft gas turbine engines, new engine concepts, and new vehiclesAn exploration of compressible flow with friction and heat, including a brief review of thermodynamics, isentropic process and flow, conservation principles, and Mach numbersA review of engine thrust and performance parameters, including installed thrust, rocket thrust, and modern engine architectureA discussion of gas turbine engine cycle analysisPerfect for aerospace and mechanical engineering students in the United States and overseas, Aircraft Propulsion will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing engineers in the aerospace and green engineering sectors seeking the latest up to date resource on sustainable aviation technologies.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2021-09-09
Mått185 x 257 x 46 mm
Vikt1 701 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor1 040
Upplaga3
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119718642

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Saeed Farokhi, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Kansas, USA. His main areas of research focus are propulsion systems, flow control, renewable energy, and computational fluid dynamics. He is Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Preface to the Third Edition xviiPreface to the Second Edition xixPreface to the First Edition xxiAbout the Companion Website xxv1 Introduction: Propulsion in Sustainable Aviation 11.1 History of the Airbreathing Jet Engine, a Twentieth-Century Invention—The Beginning 11.2 Innovations in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 41.2.1 Multispool Configuration 41.2.2 Variable Stator 51.2.3 Transonic Compressor 51.2.4 Low-Emission Combustor 61.2.5 Turbine Cooling 71.2.6 Exhaust Nozzles 81.2.7 Modern Materials and Manufacturing Techniques 81.3 Twenty-first Century Aviation Goal: Sustainability 101.3.1 Combustion Emissions 101.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 111.3.3 Fuels for Sustainable Aviation 141.4 New Engine Concepts in Sustainable Aviation 151.4.1 Advanced GT Concepts: ATP/CROR and GTF 151.4.2 Adaptive Cycle Engine 161.4.3 Advanced Airbreathing Rocket Technology 181.4.4 Wave Rotor Topping Cycle 181.4.4.1 Humphrey Cycle versus Brayton Cycle 181.4.5 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 201.4.6 Millimeter-Scale Gas Turbine Engines: Triumph of MEMS and Digital Fabrication 201.4.7 Combined Cycle Propulsion: Engines from Takeoff to Space 211.4.8 Hybrid-Electric and Distributed Electric Propulsion 221.5 New Vehicle Technologies 301.6 Summary 341.7 Roadmap for the Third Edition 34References 36Problems 382 Compressible Flow with Friction and Heat: A Review 412.1 Introduction 412.2 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics 422.3 Isentropic Process and Isentropic Flow 462.4 Conservation Principles for Systems and Control Volumes 472.5 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 542.6 Stagnation State 562.7 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow 582.8 Area-Mach Number Relationship 622.9 Sonic Throat 632.10 Waves in Supersonic Flow 662.11 Normal Shocks 672.12 Oblique Shocks 712.13 Conical Shocks 742.14 Expansion Waves 792.15 Frictionless, Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer: Rayleigh Flow 832.16 Adiabatic Flow of a Calorically Perfect Gas in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction: Fanno Flow 922.17 Friction (drag) coefficient Cf and D’Arcy Friction Factor fD 1052.18 Dimensionless Parameters 1052.19 Fluid Impulse 1082.20 Summary of Fluid Impulse 115References 116Problems 1163 Engine Thrust and Performance Parameters 1273.1 Introduction 1273.1.1 Takeoff Thrust 1333.2 Installed Thrust—Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag 1333.3 Engine Thrust Based on the Sum of Component Impulse 1383.4 Rocket Thrust 1413.5 Airbreathing Engine Performance Parameters 1423.5.1 Specific Thrust 1423.5.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse 1433.5.3 Thermal Efficiency 1443.5.4 Propulsive Efficiency 1473.5.5 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance 1503.6 Modern Engines, Their Architecture, and Some Performance Characteristics 1533.7 Summary 156References 157Problems 1584 Gas Turbine Engine Cycle Analysis 1674.1 Introduction 1674.2 The Gas Generator 1674.3 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 1694.3.1 The Turbojet Engine 1694.3.1.1 The Inlet 1694.3.1.2 The Compressor 1734.3.1.3 The Burner 1794.3.1.4 The Turbine 1844.3.1.5 The Nozzle 1934.3.1.6 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 2004.3.1.7 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 2084.3.1.8 The Overall Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 2094.3.1.9 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine 2104.3.2 The Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner 2114.3.2.1 Introduction 2114.3.2.2 Analysis 2134.3.2.3 Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio for Maximum (Ideal) Thrust Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 2164.3.3 The Turbofan Engine 2224.3.3.1 Introduction 2224.3.3.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine 2234.3.3.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 2274.3.3.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 2284.3.4 Ultra-High Bypass (UHB) Turbofan Engines 2334.4 Analysis of a Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engine with an Afterburner 2374.4.1 Mixer 2384.4.2 Cycle Analysis 2404.4.2.1 Solution Procedure 2414.5 The Turboprop Engine 2514.5.1 Introduction 2514.5.2 Propeller Theory 2524.5.2.1 Momentum Theory 2534.5.2.2 Blade Element Theory 2574.5.3 Turboprop Cycle Analysis 2594.5.3.1 The New Parameters 2594.5.3.2 Design Point Analysis 2594.5.3.3 Optimum Power Split Between the Propeller and the Jet 2634.6 Promising Propulsion and Power Technologies in Sustainable Aviation 2694.6.1 Distributed Combustion Concepts in Advanced Gas Turbine Engine Core 2694.6.2 Multi-Fuel (Cryogenic-Kerosene) Hybrid Propulsion Concept 2724.6.3 Intercooled and Recuperated Turbofan Engines 2744.6.4 Active Core Concepts 2754.6.5 Wave-Rotor Combustion 2774.6.6 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 2834.6.6.1 Idealized Laboratory PDE: Thrust Tube 2854.6.6.2 Pulse Detonation Ramjet 2864.6.6.3 Turbofan Engine with PDE 2874.6.6.4 Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (PDRE) 2884.6.6.5 Vehicle-Level Performance Evaluation of PDE 2884.6.7 Adaptive Cycle Engines (ACE) 2904.7 Summary 294References 295Problems 2975 General Aviation and Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Propulsion System 3195.1 Introduction 3195.2 Cycle Analysis 3205.2.1 Otto Cycle 3205.2.2 Real Engine Cycles 3205.2.2.1 Four-Stroke Cycle Engines 3205.2.2.2 Diesel Engines 3225.2.2.3 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 3245.2.2.4 Rotary (Wankel) Engines 3265.3 Power and Efficiency 3285.4 Engine Components and Classifications 3305.4.1 Engine Components 3305.4.2 Reciprocating Engine Classifications 3315.4.2.1 Classification by Cylinder Arrangement 3315.4.2.2 Classification by Cooling Arrangement 3335.4.2.3 Classification by Operating Cycle 3345.4.2.4 Classification by Ignition Type 3345.5 Scaling of Aircraft Reciprocating Engines 3355.5.1 Scaling of Aircraft Diesel Engines 3415.6 Aircraft Engine Systems 3435.6.1 Aviation Fuels and Engine Knock 3435.6.2 Carburetion and Fuel Injection Systems 3455.6.2.1 Float-Type Carburetors 3455.6.2.2 Pressure Injection Carburetors 3465.6.2.3 Fuel Injection Systems 3465.6.2.4 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) 3465.6.3 Ignition Systems 3465.6.3.1 Battery Ignition Systems 3475.6.3.2 High Tension Ignition System 3475.6.3.3 Low Tension Ignition System 3475.6.3.4 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) 3475.6.3.5 Ignition Boosters 3475.6.3.6 Spark Plugs 3485.6.4 Lubrication Systems 3485.6.5 Supercharging 3495.7 Electric Engines 3495.7.1 Electric Motors 3505.7.2 Solar cells 3515.7.3 Advanced Batteries 3515.7.4 Fuel cells 3525.7.5 State of the Art for Electric Propulsion – Future Technology 3545.8 Propellers and Reduction Gears 354References 356Problems 3596 Aircraft Engine Inlets and Nozzles 3616.1 Introduction 3616.2 The Flight Mach Number and its Impact on Inlet Duct Geometry 3626.3 Diffusers 3636.4 An Ideal Diffuser 3646.5 Real Diffusers and their Stall Characteristics 3656.6 Subsonic Diffuser Performance 3676.7 Subsonic Cruise Inlet 3726.8 Transition Ducts 3806.9 An Interim Summary for Subsonic Inlets 3816.10 Supersonic Inlets 3826.10.1 Isentropic Convergent–Divergent Inlets 3836.10.2 Methods to Start a Supersonic Convergent–Divergent Inlet 3856.10.2.1 Overspeeding 3866.10.2.2 Kantrowitz–Donaldson Inlet 3886.10.2.3 Variable-Throat Isentropic C–D Inlet 3896.11 Normal Shock Inlets 3916.12 External Compression Inlets 3936.12.1 Optimum Ramp Angles 3966.12.2 Design and Off-Design Operation 3966.13 Variable Geometry—External Compression Inlets 3986.13.1 Variable Ramps 3996.14 Mixed-Compression Inlets 3996.15 Supersonic Inlet Types and their Performance—A Review 4016.16 Standards for Supersonic Inlet Recovery 4026.17 Exhaust Nozzle 4046.18 Gross Thrust 4046.19 Nozzle Adiabatic Efficiency 4046.20 Nozzle Total Pressure Ratio 4056.21 Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) and Critical Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPRcrit) 4056.22 Relation between Nozzle Figures of Merit, ηn and πn 4066.23 A Convergent Nozzle or a De Laval? 4076.24 The Effect of Boundary Layer Formation on Nozzle Internal Performance 4096.25 Nozzle Exit Flow Velocity Coefficient 4096.26 Effect of Flow Angularity on Gross Thrust 4116.27 Nozzle Gross Thrust Coefficient Cfg 4146.28 Over-Expanded Nozzle Flow—Shock Losses 4156.29 Nozzle Area Scheduling, A8 and A9 /A8 4186.30 Nozzle Exit Area Scheduling, A9 /A8 4206.31 Nozzle Cooling 4226.32 Thrust Reverser and Thrust Vectoring 4246.33 Hypersonic Nozzle 4296.34 Exhaust Mixer and Gross Thrust Gain in a Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 4326.35 Engine Noise 4346.35.1 Subsonic Jet Noise 4356.35.2 Chevron Nozzle 4366.35.3 Supersonic Jet Noise 4376.35.4 Engine Noise Mitigation through Wing Shielding 4396.36 Nozzle-Turbine (Structural) Integration 4396.37 Summary of Exhaust Systems 439References 442Problems 4447 Combustion Chambers and Afterburners 4617.1 Introduction 4617.2 Laws Governing Mixture of Gases 4637.3 Chemical Reaction and Flame Temperature 4667.4 Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Composition 4757.4.1 The Law of Mass Action 4767.4.2 Equilibrium Constant KP 4787.5 Chemical Kinetics 4877.5.1 Ignition and Relight Envelope 4887.5.2 Reaction Timescale 4887.5.3 Flammability Limits 4907.5.4 Flame Speed 4927.5.5 Flame Stability 4947.5.6 Spontaneous Ignition Delay Time 4987.5.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 5007.6 Combustion Chamber 5007.6.1 Combustion Chamber Total Pressure Loss 5027.6.2 Combustor Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile 5097.6.3 Combustor Liner and its Cooling Methods 5117.6.4 Combustion Efficiency 5147.6.5 Some Combustor Sizing and Scaling Laws 5157.6.6 Afterburner 5197.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 5237.7.1 Greenhouse Gases, CO2 and H2 O 5247.7.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO, and Unburned Hydrocarbons, UHC 5247.7.3 Oxides of Nitrogen, NO and NO2 5257.7.4 Smoke 5267.7.5 Engine Emission Standards 5277.7.6 Low-Emission Combustors 5287.7.7 Impact of NO on the Ozone Layer 5317.8 Aviation Fuels 5347.9 Alternative Jet Fuels (AJFs) 5387.9.1 Conversion Pathways to Jet Fuel 5397.9.2 AJF Evaluation and Certification/Qualification 5397.9.3 Impact of Biofuel on Emissions 5407.10 Cryogenic Fuels 5427.10.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 5427.10.1.1 Composition of Natural Gas and LNG 5447.10.2 Hydrogen 5467.10.2.1 Hydrogen Production 5477.10.2.2 Hydrogen Delivery and Storage 5487.10.3 Energy Density Comparison 5497.11 Combustion Instability: Screech and Rumble 5497.11.1 Screech Damper 5507.12 Summary 550References 551Problems 5538 Aerodynamics of Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 5638.1 Introduction 5638.2 The Geometry 5648.3 Rotor and Stator Frames of Reference 5648.4 The Euler Turbine Equation 5668.5 Axial-Flow Versus Radial-Flow Machines 5688.6 Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 5698.6.1 Definition of Flow Angles 5718.6.2 Stage Parameters 5738.6.3 Cascade Aerodynamics 5858.6.4 Aerodynamic Forces on Compressor Blades 5988.6.5 Three-Dimensional Flow 6058.6.5.1 Blade Vortex Design 6068.6.5.2 Three-Dimensional Losses 6178.6.5.3 Reynolds Number Effect 6218.7 Compressor Performance Map 6248.8 Compressor Instability – Stall and Surge 6268.9 Multistage Compressors and their Operating Line 6298.10 Multistage Compressor Stalling Pressure Rise and Stall Margin 6348.11 Multistage Compressor Starting Problem 6428.12 The Effect of Inlet Flow Condition on Compressor Performance 6458.13 Isometric and Cutaway Views of Axial-Flow Compressor Hardware 6488.14 Compressor Design Parameters and Principles 6508.14.1 Blade Design – Blade Selection 6548.14.2 Compressor Annulus Design 6558.14.3 Compressor Stall Margin 6568.15 Concepts in Compressor and Fan Noise Mitigation 6648.16 Summary 668References 671Problems 6739 Centrifugal Compressor Aerodynamics 6899.1 Introduction 6899.2 Centrifugal Compressors 6909.3 Radial Diffuser 7039.4 Inducer 7069.5 Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) and Inducer-Less Impellers 7099.6 Impeller Exit Flow and Blockage Effects 7099.7 Efficiency and Performance 7119.8 Summary 713References 714Problems 71510 Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbines 72110.1 Introduction 72110.2 Axial-Flow Turbines 72110.2.1 Optimal Nozzle Exit Swirl Mach Number M θ2 73310.2.2 Turbine Blade Losses 73610.2.2.1 Blade Profile Loss 73710.2.2.2 Secondary Flow Losses 73910.2.2.3 Annulus Losses 74110.2.3 Optimum Solidity 74810.2.4 Turbine Cooling 75210.2.4.1 Convective Cooling 75610.2.4.2 Impingement Cooling 76010.2.4.3 Film Cooling 76110.2.4.4 Transpiration Cooling 76310.3 Turbine Performance Map 76410.4 The Effect of Cooling on Turbine Efficiency 76510.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 76610.5.1 Angles 76710.5.2 Other Blade Geometrical Parameters 76810.5.3 Throat Sizing 76910.5.4 Throat Reynolds Number Reo 77010.5.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 77010.5.6 Blade Vibration and Campbell Diagram 77110.5.7 Turbine Blade and Disk Material Selection and Design Criteria 77210.6 Stresses in Turbine Blades and Disks and Useful Life Estimation 77410.7 Axial-Flow Turbine Design and Practices 77710.8 Gas Turbine Design Summary 78510.9 Advances in Turbine Material and Cooling 78710.10 Summary 788References 789Problems 79111 Aircraft Engine Component Matching and Off -Design Analysis 80311.1 Introduction 80311.2 Engine (Steady-State) Component Matching 80411.2.1 Engine Corrected Parameters 80511.2.2 Inlet-Compressor Matching 80511.2.3 Compressor–Combustor Matching 80711.2.4 Combustor–Turbine Matching 80911.2.5 Compressor–Turbine Matching and Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 81011.2.5.1 Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 81211.2.6 Turbine–Afterburner (Variable-Geometry) Nozzle Matching 81811.2.6.1 Fixed-Geometry Convergent Nozzle Matching 81911.3 Engine Off-Design Analysis 82011.3.1 Off-Design Analysis of a Turbojet Engine 82111.3.2 Off-Design Analysis of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine 82411.3.3 Off-Design Analysis of a Separate-Flow Turbofan (Two-Spool) Engine 82711.4 Unchoked Nozzles and Other Off-Design Iteration Strategies 83211.4.1 Unchoked Exhaust Nozzle 83311.4.2 Unchoked Turbine Nozzle 83411.4.3 Turbine Efficiency at Off-Design 83411.4.4 Variable Gas Properties 83511.5 Principles of Engine Performance Testing 83511.5.1 Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 83711.5.1.1 Bellmouth Instrumentation 83711.5.1.2 The Effect of Fluid Viscosity 83911.5.1.3 The Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 84011.6 Summary 843References 845Problems 84612 Chemical Rocket and Hypersonic Propulsion 85312.1 Introduction 85312.2 From Takeoff to Earth Orbit 85512.3 Chemical Rockets 85612.4 Chemical Rocket Applications 85712.4.1 Launch Engines 85812.4.2 Boost Engines 85912.4.3 Space Maneuver Engines 85912.4.4 Attitude Control and Orbital Correction Rockets 86012.5 New Parameters in Rocket Propulsion 86012.6 Thrust Coefficient, CF 86312.7 Characteristic Velocity, c* 86612.8 Flight Performance 86812.9 Multistage Rockets 87612.10 Propulsive and Overall Efficiencies 87812.11 Chemical Rocket Combustion Chamber 87912.11.1 Liquid Propellant Combustion Chambers 88012.11.1.1 Some Design Guidelines for Injector Plates 88412.11.1.2 Combustion Instabilities 88512.11.2 Solid Propellant Combustion Chambers 88512.12 Thrust Chamber Cooling 89212.12.1 Liquid Propellant Thrust Chambers 89212.12.2 Cooling of Solid Propellant Thrust Chambers 89712.13 Combustor Volume and Shape 89812.14 Rocket Nozzles 89912.14.1 Multiphase Flow in Rocket Nozzles 90412.14.2 Flow Expansion in Rocket Nozzles 91012.14.3 Thrust Vectoring Nozzles 91112.15 High-Speed Airbreathing Engines 91312.15.1 Supersonic Combustion Ramjet 91712.15.1.1 Inlet Analysis 91912.15.1.2 Scramjet Combustor 91912.15.1.3 Scramjet Nozzle 92112.16 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion 92112.17 Compact Fusion Reactor: The Path to Clean, Unlimited Energy 92412.18 Summary 925References 926Problems 927A. U.S. Standard Atmosphere 931B. Isentropic Table 935C. Normal Shock Table 952D. Rayleigh Flow 965E. Fanno Flow 974F. Prandtl–Meyer Function and Mach Angle 983G. Oblique Shock Charts 986H. Conical Shock Charts 991Index 995