Advanced Internet Protocols, Services, and Applications

EIJI OKI, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Electro-Communications in Tokyo and was the recipient of the IEEE's 2001 Asia-Pacific Outstanding Young Researcher Award. ROBERTO ROJAS-CESSA, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology. MALLIKARJUN TATIPAMULA, PHD, is Head of Packet Technologies Research at Ericsson Silicon Valley. He has over twenty years of experience in the telecommunications/networking industry, with more than 100 published papers and patents. CHRISTIAN VOGT is a Senior Marketing Manager at Ericsson Silicon Valley.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvAbout the Authors xvii1 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview 11.1 Fundamental Architecture / 11.2 Internet Protocol Basics / 41.2.1 Packet Header / 51.2.2 Internet Protocol Address / 71.2.3 Internet Protocol Classification / 71.2.4 Subnet and its Masking / 91.2.5 Subnet Calculation / 111.3 Routing / 131.3.1 Routing across Providers / 141.3.2 Routing within Edge Networks / 151.3.3 Routing Scalability / 16References / 182 Transport-Layer Protocols 192.1 Transmission Control Protocol / 192.1.1 Transmission Control Protocol Header Structure / 192.1.2 Three-Way Handshake / 202.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol Flow Control and Congestion Control / 212.1.4 Port Number / 242.2 User Datagram Protocol / 252.2.1 User Datagram Protocol Header Structure / 252.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol / 262.3.1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Packet Structure / 262.3.2 Security: Prevention of SYN Attacks / 272.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol / 292.4.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol Header Structure / 29References / 303 Internet Architecture 313.1 Internet Exchange Point / 313.2 History of Internet Exchange Points / 333.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships / 343.4 Peering and Transit / 35References / 374 IP Routing Protocols 394.1 Overview of Routing Protocols / 404.1.1 Interior Gateway Protocol / 414.1.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol / 424.2 Routing Information Protocol / 434.2.1 Routing Information Protocol Header Format / 434.2.2 Update of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 444.2.3 Maintenance of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 464.2.4 Split Horizon / 474.2.5 Limitations of Routing Information Protocol / 474.3 Open Shortest Path First / 484.3.1 Shortest-Path Algorithm / 484.3.2 Hierarchical Routing / 514.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Packet Format / 514.3.4 Comparison of Routing Information Protocol and Open Shortest Path First / 524.4 Border Gateway Protocol / 534.4.1 Border Gateway Protocol Message Flows / 534.4.2 Border Gateway Protocol Policy Selection Attributes / 54References / 575 Multiprotocol Label Switching 595.1 Overview / 595.2 Functions and Mechanisms / 635.3 Applicabilities / 67References / 726 IP Quality Of Service 756.1 Introduction / 756.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4 / 756.3 Integrated Services / 776.3.1 Packet Scheduler / 776.3.2 Packet Classifier / 776.3.3 Admission Control / 786.3.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) / 796.4 Differentiated Services / 816.5 Quality Of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels / 826.5.1 Drawbacks of Explicit Endpoint Admission Control with Path Selection / 846.5.2 OSPF-Based Adaptive and Flexible Quality of Service Provisioning / 856.5.3 Combination of Security and Quality of Service / 866.5.4 Path Selection Algorithm Analysis / 87References / 907 IP Multicast and Anycast 937.1 Addressing / 937.1.1 Multicast Addressing / 937.1.2 Differences between Multicasting and Multiple Unicasting / 957.2 Multicast Routing / 967.2.1 Optimal Routing: Shortest-Path Trees / 967.2.2 Unicast Routing / 967.2.3 Multicast Routing / 967.3 Routing Protocols / 977.3.1 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) / 987.3.2 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol / 997.3.3 Core-Based Tree (CBT) Protocol / 1007.3.4 Protocol-Independent Multicast / 1017.3.5 Simple Multicast Routing Protocol / 1017.4 Anycasting / 1027.4.1 Architectural Issues / 1037.4.2 Anycast Addresses / 1037.4.3 Differences between the Services Offered by IP Multicasting and IP Anycasting / 1047.5 IPv6 Anycast Routing Protocol: Protocol-Independent Anycast—Sparse Mode / 105References / 1068 Layer-2 Transport over Packet 1098.1 Draft-Martini Signaling and Encapsulation / 1098.1.1 Functionality / 1108.1.2 Encapsulation / 1108.1.3 Protocol-Specific Encapsulation / 1118.2 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 1148.2.1 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 / 1158.2.2 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge / 118References / 1219 Virtual Private Wired Service 1239.1 Types of Private Wire Services / 1239.1.1 Layer-2 Virtual Private Services: Wide Area Networks and Local Area Networks / 1249.1.2 Virtual Private Wire Service / 1269.1.3 Virtual Private Multicast Service / 1279.1.4 IP-Only Layer-2 Virtual Private Network / 1289.1.5 Internet Protocol Security / 1299.2 Generic Routing Encapsulation / 1309.3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 1319.4 Layer-3 Virtual Private Network 2547bis, Virtual Router / 1319.4.1 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol / 133References / 13610 IP and Optical Networking 13710.1 IP/Optical Network Evolution / 13810.1.1 Where Networking Is Today / 13810.1.2 Where Networking Is Going / 13910.2 Challenges in Legacy Traditional IP/Optical Networks / 14010.2.1 Proprietary Network Management Systems / 14010.2.2 Complexity of Provisioning in Legacy IP/Optical Networks / 14110.3 Automated Provisioning in IP/Optical Networks / 14210.4 Control Plane Models for IP/Optical Networking / 14410.4.1 Optical Internetworking Forum’s Optical User Network Interface: Overlay Model / 14510.4.2 Internet EngineeringTask Force’s Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: Peer Model / 14510.5 Next-Generation MultiLayer Network Design Requirements / 14710.6 Benefits and Challenges in IP/Optical Networking / 148References / 14911 IP Version 6 15111.1 Addresses in IP Version 6 / 15211.1.1 Unicast IP Addresses / 15211.1.2 Multicast IP Addresses / 15311.2 IP Packet Headers / 15411.3 IP Address Resolution / 15511.4 IP Version 6 Deployment: Drivers and Impediments / 15611.4.1 Need for Backwards Compatibility / 15711.4.2 Initial Deployment Drivers / 15811.4.3 Reaching a Critical Mass / 160References / 16112 IP Traffic Engineering 16312.1 Models of Traffic Demands / 16312.2 Optimal Routing with Multiprotocol Label Switching / 16512.2.1 Overview / 16512.2.2 Applicability of Optimal Routing / 16512.2.3 Network Model / 16612.2.4 Optimal Routing Formulations with Three Models / 16612.3 Link-Weight Optimization with Open Shortest Path First / 16912.3.1 Overview / 16912.3.2 Examples of Routing Control with Link Weights / 17012.3.3 Link-Weight Setting Against Network Failure / 17212.4 Extended Shortest-Path-Based Routing Schemes / 17312.4.1 Smart–Open Shortest Path First / 17412.4.2 Two-Phase Routing / 17412.4.3 Fine Two-Phase Routing / 17612.4.4 Features of Routing Schemes / 177References / 17713 IP Network Security 18113.1 Introduction / 18113.2 Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack / 18213.2.1 Backscatter Analysis / 18213.2.2 Multilevel Tree or Online Packet Statistics / 18413.3 IP Traceback / 18713.3.1 IP Traceback Solutions / 18913.4 Edge Sampling Scheme / 18913.5 Advanced Marking Scheme / 193References / 19614 Mobility Support for IP 19714.1 Mobility Management Approaches / 19914.1.1 Host Routes / 20014.1.2 Tunneling / 20114.1.3 Route Optimization / 20314.2 Security Threats Related to IP Mobility / 20514.2.1 Impersonation / 20514.2.2 Redirection-Based Flooding / 20814.2.3 Possible Solutions / 21014.3 Mobility Support in IPv6 / 21314.4 Reactive Versus Proactive Mobility Support / 21814.5 Relation to Multihoming / 21914.6 Protocols Supplementing Mobility / 22014.6.1 Router and Subnet Prefix Discovery / 22014.6.2 Movement Detection / 22114.6.3 IP Address Configuration / 22214.6.4 Neighbor Unreachability Detection / 22314.6.5 Internet Control Message Protocol for IP Version 6 / 22414.6.6 Optimizations / 22414.6.7 Media-Independent Handover Services / 227References / 231Index 235