Advanced Coating Materials

Liang Li received his PhD from the Institute of Solid State Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and won the Excellent President Scholarship in 2006. He is currently a full Professor at Soochow University, China. His research group (http://ecs.suda.edu.cn) focuses mainly on the energy conversion (solar cells and photodetectors) and storage (Li/Na batteries) devices of low-dimensional nanomaterials. He has published more than 140 papers with 6000 citations with an H-index of 40, as well as 16 patents. Qing Yang is a Professor in the College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, China. She received her PhD degree from Zhejiang University in 2006. Dr. Yang's research focuses on nanophotonics and piezo-photontronics. She has made original contributions to the fabrication, tuning and applications of nanophotonic devices and has pioneered and systematically investigated nanowire-based lasers. Dr. Yang has published about 55 peer reviewed journal articles with over 1500 citations and an H index of 25, as well as 11 Chinese or U.S. patents.

• Preface xviiPart I: Materials and Methods: Design and Fabrication 11 The Science of Molecular Precursor Method 3Hiroki Nagai and Mitsunobu Sato1.1 Metal Complex 41.2 Molecular Precursor Method 61.3 Counter Ion (Stability) 61.4 Conversion Process from Precursor Film to Oxide Thin Film 81.5 Anatase–Rutile Transformation Controlled by Ligand 81.6 Homogeneity 111.7 Miscibility 131.8 Coatability (Thin Hydroxyapatite Coating of Ti Fiber Web Scaffolds) 131.9 Oxygen-Deficient Rutile Thin Films 151.10 Cu Thin Film 161.11 Applications Using the Molecular Precursor Method 201.12 Conclusion 22References 232 Cold Spray—Advanced Coating Process and 3D Modeling 29Muhammad Faizan-Ur-Rab, Saden H. Zahiri and Syed H. Masood2.1 Introduction 302.1.1 Cold Spray Equipment 312.1.1.1 CGT KINETIKS 3000 CS System 312.1.1.2 Plasma Giken PCS 1000 System 322.1.1.3 Impact Innovations ISS 5/8 and 5/11 CS Systems 332.1.2 Applications of Cold Spray Coatings 352.2 3D Numerical Modeling of Cold Spray Coating 362.2.1 Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions in Numerical Model 372.2.2 Three-Dimensional Grid 402.2.3 Particle-Fluid Interaction 412.3 Experimental Methods of Cold Spray Coatings for Validation of 3D Model 442.3.1 Measurement of Substrate’s Temperature 442.3.2 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 452.4 Results and Discussions 482.4.1 3D Model Calibration 482.4.2 Effect of Propellant Gas 512.4.3 Effect of Nozzle Length 532.4.4 Particle’s Temperature 562.5 Conclusion 59References 603 Effects of Laser Process Parameters on Overlapped Multipass/Multitrack Hardened Bead Parameters of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Using Continuous-Wave Rectangular Beam 65D.S. Badkar3.1 Introduction 663.2 Experimental Methodology 703.2.1 Principle of Rectangular Beam 703.2.2 Materials Used and Experimental Set-Up 703.2.3 Fixture Fabrication 733.2.3.1 Bottom Plate 743.2.3.2 The Top Plate 753.2.4 Specimen Preparation 763.2.5 Phase Transformations of Ti-6Al-4V During Laser Transformation Hardening 783.2.5.1 Laser Heating 783.2.5.2 Cooling or Self Quenching 783.3 Results and Discussion 783.3.1 Effect of Laser Process Parameters on Overlapped Multipass/Multitrack Hardened Bead Parameters 783.4 Conclusions 82Acknowledgment 82References 824 Dimensionally Stable Lead Dioxide Anodes Electrodeposited from Methanesulfonate Electrolytes: Physicochemical Properties and Electrocatalytic Reactivity in Oxygen Transfer Reactions 85Olesia Shmychkova, T. Luk’yanenko and A. Velichenko4.1 Introduction 864.2 Chemical Composition of Coatings 894.3 Electrocatalytical Properties of Materials 954.3.1 p-Nitroaniline Oxidation 984.3.2 p-Nitrophenol Oxidation 1004.3.3 Oxidation of Salicylic Acid and its Derivatives 1014.4 Electrode Endurance Tests 1084.5 Conclusions 116References 1185 Polycrystalline Diamond Coating Protects Zr Cladding Surface Against Corrosion in Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear Fuel Durability Enhancement 123Irena Kratochvílová, Radek Škoda, Andrew Taylor, Jan Škarohlíd, Petr Ashcheulov and František Fendrych5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Zr Alloy Surface Corrosion—General Description 1285.3 Growth of Polycrystalline Diamond as Anticorrosion Coating on Zr Alloy Surface 1315.4 Properties of PCD-Coated Zr Alloy Samples Processed in Autoclave 1355.4.1 Oxidation of Autoclave-Processed PCD-Coated Zr Samples 1355.4.2 Composition Changes of PCD-Coated Zr Alloy Compared to Autoclaved Zr Alloy and PCD-Coated Zr Alloy 1375.4.2.1 Capacitance Measurements, NanoESCA, X-Ray-Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Neutron Transmission, and Mass Spectrometry 1375.4.2.2 Raman, SEM, and SIMS Analysis of the Autoclave-Processed Samples 1435.4.3 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Autoclaved PCD Layer-Covered Zr Alloy 1455.4.4 Radiation Damage Test of Autoclaved PCD-Covered Zr Alloy Sample: Ion Beam Irradiation 1475.5 PCD Coating Increases Operation Safety and Prolongs the Zr Nuclear Fuel Cladding Lifetime—OverallSummaries 1485.6 Conclusion 153Acknowledgments 154References 1546 High-Performance WC-Based Coatings for Narrow and Complex Geometries 157Satish Tailor, Ankur Modi and S. C.Modi6.1 Introduction 1576.2 Experimental 1596.2.1 Feedstock Powder 1596.2.2 Substrate Preparation and Coating Deposition 1596.2.3 Why Choosing 45° and 70° Angles to Design the Connectors 1636.2.4 Characterizations 1636.3 Results and Discussion 1646.3.1 Coating Mechanism Behind the Uniform Coating Properties at Both Spray Angles 45° and 70° 1646.3.2 Coating Microstructures 1646.3.3 Microhardness of the “As-Sprayed” Coatings 1666.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction 1676.3.5 Residual Stress Analysis 1696.3.6 Adhesion Strength of the Coatings 1716.4 Conclusions 172References 172Part II: Coating Materials Nanotechnology 1757 Nanotechnology in Paints and Coatings 177Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Oluranti Agboola, Ibrahim David Ibrahim, Peter Apata Olubambi, BabulReddy Avabaram, Manjula Bandla, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Jayaramudu Tippabattini, Kokkarachedu Varaprasad, Stephen Chinenyeze Agwuncha, Jonas Mochane, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola, Bilainu Oboirien, Taoreed Adesola Adegbola, Clara Nkuna, Sheshan John Owonubi, Victoria Oluwaseun Fasiku, Blessing Aderibigbe, Vincent Ojijo, Regan Dunne, Koena Selatile, Gertude Makgatho, Caroline Khoathane, Wshington Mhike, Olusesan Frank Biotidara, Mbuso Kingdom Dludlu, AO Adeboje, Oladimeji Adetona Adeyeye, Abongile Ndamase, Samuel Sanni, Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa, Periyar Selvam, Reshma Nambiar, Anand Babu Perumal, Jarugula Jayaramudu, Nnamdi Iheaturu, Ihuoma Diwe and Betty Chima7.1 Introduction 1787.1.1 Paint and Coating 1787.1.2 Nanopaints and Nanocoatings 1807.1.2.1 Some Uses of Nanopaints in Different Materials 1817.1.2.2 Nanomaterials in Paints 1837.1.3 Types of Nanocoating 1897.1.3.1 Superhydrophobic Coating 1907.1.3.2 Oleophobic/Hydrophobic Coating 1917.1.3.3 Hydrophilic Coatings 1917.1.3.4 Ceramic, Metal and Glass Coatings 1927.2 Application of Nanopaints and Nanocoating in the Automotive Industry 1957.3 Application of Nanopaints and Nanocoating in the Energy Sector 1967.4 Application of Nanocoating in Catalysis 1987.5 Application of Nanopaints and Nanocoating in the Marine Industry 2007.6 Applications of Nanopaints and Nanocoating in the Aerospace Industry 2007.7 Domestic and Civil Engineering Applications of Nanopaints and Coating 2027.8 Medical and Biomedical Applications of Nanocoating 2057.8.1 Antibacterial Applications of Nanocoating 2057.9 Defense and Military Applications of Nanopaints and Coatings 2277.10 Conclusion 2287.11 Future Trend 228References 2298 Anodic Oxide Nanostructures: Theories of Anodic Nanostructure Self-Organization 235Naveen Verma, Jitender Jindal, Krishan Chander Singh and Anuj Mittal8.1 Introduction 2358.2 Anodization 2378.3 Barrier-Type Anodic Metal Oxide Films 2378.4 Porous-Type Anodic Metal Oxide Films 2388.5 Theories or Models of Growth Kinetics of Anodic Oxide Films and Fundamental Equations for High-Field Ionic Conductivity 2398.5.1 Guntherschulze and Betz Model 2398.5.2 Cabrera and Mott Model 2408.5.3 Verwey’s High Field Model 2428.5.4 Young Model 2438.5.5 Dignam Model 2448.5.6 Dewald Model: (Dual Barrier Control with Space Charge) 2448.6 Corrosion Characteristics and Related Phenomenon 2468.7 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2498.8 Characterization Techniques 250References 2519 Nanodiamond Reinforced Epoxy Composite: Prospective Material for Coatings 255Ayesha Kausar9.1 Introduction 2569.2 Nanodiamond: A Leading Carbon Nanomaterial 2569.3 Epoxy: A Multipurpose Thermoset Polymer 2589.4 Nanodiamond Dispersion in Epoxy: Impediments and Challenges 2599.5 Epoxy/Nanodiamond Coatings 2619.6 Coating Formulation 2629.7 Industrial Relevance of Epoxy/ND Coatings 2649.7.1 Strength and High Temperature Demanding Engineering Application 2649.7.2 Thermal Conductivity Relevance 2669.7.3 Microwave Absorbers 2689.7.4 In Biomedical 2689.8 Summary, Challenges, and Outlook 269References 27010 Nanostructured Metal–Metal Oxides and Their Electrocatalytic Applications 275Kemal Volkan Özdokur, Süleyman Koçak and Fatma Nil Ertaş10.1 Brief History of Electrocatalysis 27610.2 Electrocatalytic Activity 27810.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 28010.4 Transition Metal Chalcogenides and Their Catalytic Applications 28110.5 Preparation of Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxide Surfaces 29610.6 Polyoxometallates (POM) 30310.7 Future Trends in Electrocatalysis Applications of Metal/metal oxides 305References 305Part III: Advanced Coating Technology and Applications 31511 Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings Based on Tailored Materials: Metal–Organic Frameworks and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 317Priscilla Rocío-Bautista, Adrián Gutiérrez-Serpa and Verónica Pino11.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction 31711.2 HS-SPME-GC Applications Using MOF-Based Coatings 32011.2.1 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 32011.2.2 SPME Coating Fibers Based on MOFs 32211.3 DI-SPME-LC Applications Using MIP-Based Coatings 33111.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 33211.3.2 SPME Coating Fibers Based on MIPs 33311.3.3 MIPs and MOFs Features as SPME Coatings 34011.4 Conclusions and Trends 341Acknowledgements 341References 34212 Investigations on Laser Surface Modification of Commercially Pure Titanium Using Continuous-Wave Nd:YAG Laser 349Duradundi Sawant Badkar12.1 Introduction 35012.2 Experimental Design 35412.3 Experimental Methodology 35512.4 Results and Discussions 35812.4.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Response Surface Full Model 35812.4.2 Validation of the Models 36612.4.3 Effect of Process Factors on Hardened Bead Profile Parameters 37012.4.3.1 Heat Input (HI) 37012.4.3.2 Hardened Bead Width (HBW) 37012.4.3.3 Hardened Depth (HD) 37412.4.3.4 Angle of Entry of Hardened Bead Profile (AEHB) 37712.4.3.5 Power Density (PD) 38112.4.4 Microstructural Analysis 38412.5 Conclusions 387Acknowledgements 390References 39013 Multiscale Engineering and Scalable Fabrication of Super(de)wetting Coatings 393William S. Y. Wong and Antonio Tricoli13.1 Introduction 39413.2 Fundamentals of Wettability and Superwettability 39513.2.1 Defining Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity 39713.2.2 Defining Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity 39813.2.2.1 Wenzel’s Model 39813.2.2.2 Cassie–Baxter’s Model 39913.2.2.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis 40013.2.2.4 Variants of Superhydrophilicity 40213.2.2.5 Ideal Superhydrophilicity 40213.2.2.6 Hemiwicking Superhydrophilicity 40213.2.2.7 Variants of Superhydrophobicity 40313.2.2.8 Ideal Lotus Superhydrophobicity 40313.2.2.9 Petal-Like Adhesive Superhydrophobicity 40413.2.3 Defining Superoleophobicity, Superamphiphobicity and Superomniphobicity 40513.2.3.1 Superoleophobicity and Superamphiphobicity 40513.2.3.2 Superomniphobicity 40713.2.3.3 Re-Entrant Profiles 40713.2.3.4 Shades of Grey: Superoleo(amphi) phobicity to Superomniphobicity 40813.2.4 Characterization Techniques 40913.2.4.1 Static Contact Angle Analysis 40913.2.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis—Contact Angle Hysteresis 41113.2.4.3 Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis—Sliding Angle 41213.2.4.4 Other Modes of Dynamic Analysis—Droplet Bouncing and Fluid Immersion 41213.3 Nature to Artificial: Bioinspired Engineering 41313.3.1 Superhydrophilicity 41413.3.2 “Lotus-Like” Low-Adhesion Superhydrophobicity 41613.3.3 “Rose Petal-Like” High-Adhesion Superhydrophobicity 41613.3.4 Anisotropic Low-Adhesion/High-Adhesion Superhydrophobicity 41713.3.5 Superhydrophobic–Hydrophilic Patterning 41813.3.6 Superoleo(amphi)phobicity 41813.4 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Nanotexturing Approaches 41913.4.1 Templating 41913.4.2 (Photo)-Lithography 42013.4.3 Scalable Bottom-Up Texturing Approaches 42113.5 Superhydrophilicity 42113.5.1 The State of Superhydrophilicity 42113.5.1.1 Plasma and Ozone Surface Hydroxylation 42113.5.1.2 Aerosol Deposition 42213.5.1.3 Electrospinning 42313.5.1.4 Chemical Etching Hydroxylation 42413.5.1.5 Wet-Deposition 42413.5.1.6 Sol–Gel and Photoactivation 42413.5.1.7 Thiol-Functionalization 42513.6 Superhydrophobicity 42613.6.1 Ideal Lotus Slippery Superhydrophobicity 42613.6.1.1 Plasma 42613.6.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 42713.6.1.3 Spraying (Wet-Spray, Liquid-Fed Flame Spray, Sputtering) 42813.6.1.4 Wet-Deposition 43313.6.1.5 Sol-Gel 43413.6.1.6 Electrodeposition 43513.6.1.7 Chemical Etching 43613.6.2 Petal-Like Adhesive Superhydrophobicity 43713.6.2.1 Templating 43713.6.2.2 Liquid-Fed Flame Spray Pyrolysis 43813.6.2.3 Sol–Gel and Hydrothermal Synthesis 43813.6.2.4 Electrospinning 44013.6.2.5 Electrodeposition 44113.6.2.6 Micro- and Nanostructural Self-Assembly 44113.6.2.7 Mechanical Methods 44213.7 Superoleophobicity and Superamphiphobicity 44313.7.1 Nanofilaments, Fabric Fibers, Meshes, and Tubes 44313.7.2 Aerosol-Coating (Wet-Spray, Candle Soot / Liquid-Fed Flame Spray) 44513.7.2.1 Wet-Spray Deposition 44513.7.2.2 Flame Soot Deposition 44513.7.2.3 Flame Spray Pyrolysis 44713.7.3 Sol–Gel 44813.7.4 Wet-Coating (Dip- and Spin-Coating) 44813.7.4.1 Dip-Coating 44813.7.4.2 Spin-Coating 44913.7.5 Micro- and Nanostructural Self-Assembly 44913.7.6 Electrospinning 45013.7.7 Electrodeposition and Electrochemical Etching 45013.7.7.1 Electrochemical Etching 45013.7.7.2 Electrodeposition 45113.7.8 Perfluoro-Acid Etching 45213.7.9 Physical Etching 45213.8 Superomniphobicity 45213.8.1 Electrospun Beads on Mesh-Like Profiles 45313.8.2 Controlled Sol–Gel Growth 45513.8.3 Etched Aluminum Meshes 45513.8.4 Hybridized Lithography 45513.9 Conclusions 456References 45714 Polymeric Materials in Coatings for Biomedical Applications 481Victoria Oluwaseun Fasiku, Shesan John Owonubi, Emmanuel Mukwevho, Blessing Aderibigbe, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Yolandy Lemmer, Idowu David Ibrahim, Jonas Mochane, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola, Koena Selatile, Abongile Ndamase and Oluranti Agboola14.1 Introduction 48214.1.1 Coating Materials 48314.2 Polymeric Coating Materials 48414.2.1 Structure, Synthesis, and Properties 48514.2.1.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 48514.2.1.2 Parylene 48614.2.1.3 Polyurethane (PU) 48714.2.2 Coating Methods 48914.2.3 Biomedical Coating Applications 49214.2.3.1 Antifouling Coating 49214.2.3.2 Nanoparticle Coating for Drug Delivery 49314.2.3.3 Implants Coating 49514.2.3.4 Cardiovascular Stents 49714.2.3.5 Antimicrobial Surface Coating 49814.2.3.6 Drug Delivery Coating 49914.2.3.7 Tissue Engineering Coating 50014.2.3.8 Sensor Coating 50114.3 Conclusion 502References 503Index 519