Acute Medicine

Mridula Rajwani, Consultant in Acute Internal Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Leila Vaziri, Consultant in Acute Internal Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Ivie Gbinigie, Consultant in Acute Internal Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Previously edited by David Sprigings and John Chambers.

• List of Contributors xIntroduction xxSection 1: Emergency Presentations 11 Cardiorespiratory arrest in hospital 32 The critically ill patient 93 The unconscious patient 214 Anaphylaxis 275 Sepsis 336 Cardiac tamponade 437 Acid– base disorders 468 Poisoning 529 Hypothermia 6210 Drowning 66Section 2: Cardiology 6911 Syncope and presyncope 7112 Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) 7813 Cardiac arrhythmia 8914 Heart failure 10715 Infective endocarditis 11816 Acute pericarditis 12517 Cardiomyopathies and congenital heart disease in adults 12918 Aortic dissection and other acute aortic syndromes 14019 Pulmonary hypertension 14720 Heart valve disease: native prosthetic and repaired valves 15521 Hypertensive emergencies 160Section 3: Respiratory Medicine 16722 Acute asthma 16923 Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 17424 Haemoptysis 18125 Respiratory infection: CAP HAP and TB 18526 Bronchiectasis 19727 Interstitial lung disease 20428 Pleural disease 21429 Sleep- disordered breathing 22330 Respiratory failure: oxygenation and ventilatory support 22931 Venous thromboembolism 236Section 4: Gastroenterology and Hepatology 24732 Abdominal pain 24933 Nausea and vomiting 25534 Diarrhoea 25935 Jaundice 26536 Abdominal swelling, mass and hepato- splenomegaly 26837 Acute oesophageal disorders 27438 Haematemesis and melaena 27939 Lower gastrointestinal bleeding 28740 Inflammatory bowel disease 29241 Alcohol- related liver disease and acute medical complications 30042 Acute liver failure and decompensated chronic liver disease 30443 Biliary tract disorders and acute pancreatitis 313Section 5: Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders 31744 Diabetic emergencies: DKA and HHS 31945 Hyperglycaemic states 32546 Hypoglycaemia 32847 Adrenal disorders 33148 Disorders of anterior and posterior pituitary 33849 Thyroid emergencies 34350 Parathyroid disorders 35151 Pancreatic endocrine disorders (non- diabetic) 35852 Electrolyte disorders 368Section 6: Neurology 38353 Headache syndromes: including subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 38554 Weakness and paralysis 39155 Visual disturbance 39656 Transient ischaemic attack and stroke 40557 Seizures and epilepsy 41958 Peripheral neuropathy (acute and chronic) 42659 Guillain– Barré syndrome 42960 Multiple sclerosis 43461 Myasthenia gravis 44262 Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders 44663 Motor neurone disease 45264 Raised intracranial pressure 45665 Acute spinal pain 46066 Spinal cord compression 46367 Functional neurological disorder in the acute setting 467Section 7: Geriatric Medicine 47968 Comprehensive geriatric assessment 48169 Delirium, dementia and cognitive disorders 48870 Perioperative medicine 494Section 8: Infectious Diseases 50171 Cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis 50372 Urinary tract infection 50773 Central nervous system infection 51474 Pancytopenia and febrile neutropenia 52475 Fever on return from abroad 53076 Pyrexia of unknown origin 53877 HIV infection 54278 COVID- 19 and future pandemics 54979 Septic arthritis 556Section 9: Haematology 55980 Anaemia: blood transfusion and alternatives 56181 Bleeding disorders 56882 Thrombocytopenia and thrombosis 57183 Acute painful sickle cell crisis 57484 Common haematological malignancies 57785 Management of anticoagulation 590Section 10: Renal Medicine 60186 Acute kidney injury 60387 Chronic kidney disease, including end- stage kidney disease 61088 Renal tubular disorders 61889 Nephrotic syndrome 62590 Glomerular diseases 634Section 11: Rheumatology 64191 Acute arthritis 64392 Crystal arthropathies 64693 Rheumatoid arthritis 65094 Acute vasculitis 65695 Multisystem rheumatic disorders 663Section 12: Oncology and Palliative Care 66996 Complications of cancer 67197 Palliative and end- of- life care 687Section 13: Dermatology 69598 Acute rash 69799 Erythroderma and toxic epidermal necrolysis 703100 Urticaria and angioedema 710Section 14: Same Day Emergency Care 717101 Same- day emergency care 719102 Hospital at home 725Section 15: Miscellaneous 731103 Pregnancy- related medical conditions 733104 Capacity and consent 742Section 16: Practical Procedures 747105 Airway management and upper airway obstruction 749106 DC cardioversion 759107 Temporary cardiac pacing 763108 Central vein cannulation 769109 Intraosseous access 775110 Insertion of an intercostal chest drain 778111 Aspiration of the knee joint 786112 Abdominal paracentesis 789113 Non- invasive ventilation 793114 Arterial line insertion 798115 Point- of- care ultrasound 802Index 809