World Fisheries

Rosemary E. Ommer, Department of History, University of Victoria, Canada R. Ian Perry, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, CanadaKevern Cochrane, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, ItalyPhilippe Cury, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, IRD – IFREMER & Université Montpellier II, France

• List of Contributors xivSeries Foreword xixAcknowledgements xxiiPart I Social-Ecological Systems in Fisheries 11 Introduction 3Rosemary E. Ommer and R. Ian PerryReference 82 Restoring Unity: The Concept of Marine Social-Ecological Systems 9Fikret BerkesIntroduction 10Social-ecological systems concept and background 11Complexity, globalization, and social-ecological systems 14Participatory management and governance 19Conclusions 22Acknowledgements 24References 24Part II Modeling 293 Predicting the Impacts and Socio-Economic Consequences of Climate Change on Global Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries: The QUEST_Fish Framework 31Manuel Barange, Icarus Allen, Eddie Allison, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Julia Blanchard, Benjamin Drakeford, Nicholas K. Dulvy, James Harle, Robert Holmes, Jason Holt, Simon Jennings, Jason Lowe, Gorka Merino, Christian Mullon, Graham Pilling, Lynda Rodwell, Emma Tompkins, and Francisco WernerIntroduction 32Framing the problem 35Geographical and temporal framework 35The role of GCMs and RCMs 36Developing physical-biological models for the shelf seas 37Estimating potential fish production 40Estimating socio-economic consequences 44Methodology for national vulnerability assessment 44Methodology for global assessment of a marine-based commodity: fishmeal 48Opportunities and boundaries of the QUEST_Fish approach 52Endnotes 54References 544 Fleets, Sites, and Conservation Goals: Game Theoretic Insights on Management Options for Multinational Tuna Fisheries 60Kathleen Miller, Peter Golubtsov, and Robert McKelveyIntroduction 61Background – Tuna exploitation and management in the Western and Central Pacific 62The model 66The single-season subgame: The split-stream extensive model 68The two-fleet interior game 68The RFMO-guided seasonal game between distant-water fleets and coastal countries 70Simulations and implications 72Game structure of RFMO–sites–fleets interaction 72Policy choices for sustaining stocks 73Effects of coalition-formation 80Climate-related shifts in distribution of stocks 84Summary, policy implications and future directions 86Acknowledgement 87Endnotes 87References 885 Fishing the Food Web: Integrated Analysis of Changes and Drivers of Change in Fisheries of the Bay of Biscay 90Olivier Thébaud and Fabian BlanchardIntroduction 91Patterns of change in fisheries landings by French fleets 92Drivers of change 93Institutional context: a case of “regulated open access” 94Increased competition in markets for fish 95Effects of sea warming on the fish community structure 97Perspectives 101Acknowledgements 102Endnotes 102References 1036 Interdisciplinary Modeling for an Ecosystem Approach to Management in Marine Social-Ecological Systems 105Anthony M. Starfield and Astrid JarreIntroduction 105Focusing attention and setting objectives 106A model of a model 108Rapid prototyping 109The question of balance 111Frame-based modeling 112People and resources 115Concluding remarks 117Acknowledgements 118References 1187 People’s Seas: “Ethno-oceanography” as an Interdisciplinary Means to Approach Marine Ecosystem Change 120Maria A. Gasalla and Antonio C. S. DieguesIntroduction 120Defining “ethno-oceanography” 122Ethnoecology approach 122The significance of key communication: Ethno-oceanography and changes in marine social-ecological systems of Brazil 124“Ethno-oceanography” as a framework to approach climate and marine ecosystem change 128Looking beyond uncertainty: Implications of climate change to fisheries 129Redefining the reach of ethno-oceanography: a conceptual approach 130Concluding remarks 132Acknowledgements 132Endnotes 133References 133Part III Knowledge 1378 The Utility of Economic Indicators to Promote Policy-Relevant Science for Climate Change Decisions 139Judith KildowIntroduction 139Indicators 141Economic indicators: a framework 143Economic indicators function in multiple ways 143The evidence from society 146Conclusion 148Endnotes 149References 1499 Scientific Advice for Fisheries Management in West Africa in the Context of Global Change 151Bora Masumbuko, Moctar Bâ, P. Morand, P. Chavance, and Pierre FaillerIntroduction 151West African context 152Method 155ECOST/ISTAM survey results 156Scientific advice: content and processes 156Use and non-use of scientific advice and its implications 157Improvement of the quality of scientific advice and its use in the decision process 160Discussion 161Conclusion 164Acknowledgements 165Endnotes 165References 16610 Knowledge and Research on Chilean Fisheries Resources: Diagnosis and Recommendations for Sustainable Development 168Eleuterio Yáñez, Exequiel González, Luis Cubillos, Samuel Hormazábal, Héctor Trujillo, Lorena Álvarez, Alejandra Órdenes, Milton Pedraza, and Gustavo AedoIntroduction 169Framework 169System structure, elements, interactions, and knowledge to be considered 174Current status of knowledge 176Governance of the fisheries system (a system of problems) 179Discussion 179Future research path for fisheries management 179Endnotes 181References 18111 Moving Forward: Social-Ecological Interactivity, Global Marine Change and Knowledge for the Future 182Barbara NeisIntroduction 182Social-ecological knowledge 183Knowing where we want to go and finding our way there 190Conclusion 195Endnote 197References 197Part IV Values 20112 Unaccounted Values: Under-reporting Sardine Catches as a Strategy Against Poverty in the Bali Strait, Indonesia 203Eny Anggraini Buchary, Tony J. Pitcher, and Ussif Rashid SumailaIntroduction 203Area description 204The Lemuru fishery 205Materials and methods 206Data collection 206Analytical methods 207Results and discussion 211Fate of landed lemuru and distribution of reported catch 211Estimated true catch 214Financial insecurity: lending schemes and debt-to-assets ratio 215Measuring relative poverty in fisheries 217Conclusions 218Acknowledgements 219Endnotes 220References 22113 “You Don’t Know What You’ve Got ‘Til It’s Gone”: The Case for Spiritual Values in Marine Ecosystem Management 224Nigel HagganIntroduction 224Golden Rule #1: Love your neighbor as yourself 226Golden Rule #2: The one with the gold makes the rules 227Golden Rule #3: The gold goes where the gold grows 227Concepts of value 228The roots of whole ecosystem evaluation 229Formal frameworks, 1987–1991 230Measuring ecosystem value 231A bridge between intrinsic and instrumental value 234Conclusion 236Acknowledgements 237Appendix 1: Catagories used in total economic value and ecosystem services frameworks 237References 23914 Social-Ecological Restructuring and Implications for Social Values 247Grant MurrayIntroduction 248Approach and methods 249Social-ecological restructuring: Putting climate change in context 249Changes in social structures and processes 251Size and connection with fishing industry 251Age structure 252Internal stratification 253Fishing as a way of life: Now and in the future 258Discussion 259Conclusion 261Endnotes 262References 26215 Economic Valuation of Mangroves in the Niger Delta: An Interdisciplinary Approach 265Godstime K. James, Jimmy O. Adegoke, Ekechukwu Saba, Peter Nwilo, Joseph Akinyede, and Sylvester OsagieIntroduction 265Study area 266Integration of remote sensing and socio-economic data 267Economic valuation of mangrove resources 268Methodology 269Remote sensing analysis 269Focus group analysis 270Household survey 271Empirical data processing 271Estimation of net income from the sale of mangrove resources 271Estimation of the mangrove area that supported mangrove income (Ak) 272Annual household net income at the community level 273Results and analysis 274Socio-economic characteristics of household survey respondents 274Area of mangrove that support income stream (Ak) 274Results from the economic valuation 274Conclusions 277References 27816 US Marine Ecosystem Habitat Values 281Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Jackie Alder, G. Ishimura, William. W. L. Cheung, L. Dropkin, S. Hopkins, S. Sullivan, and A. KitchingmanIntroduction 281Geographical scope of study 282Assigning use and non-use values to habitat types 283Direct use: Habitat associated commercial values 283Direct use: Habitat associated recreational values 284Non-use and indirect value: Habitat values based on iconic species 285The results 285Direct use: Habitat associated commercial values 286Direct use: Habitat associated recreational values 286Non-use and indirect value: Habitat values based on iconic species 286Concluding remarks 287Acknowledgements 288Endnotes 288References 288Part V Governance 29117 Historical Transitions in Access to and Management of Alaska’s Commercial Fisheries, 1880–1980 293Emilie SpringerIntroduction 293Early days: Gold and salmon; 1867–1919 2941899 Report by Jefferson Moser, United States Navy Commander of the steam ship Albatross 2941920–1939: The records of Hubbell and Waller 296The mid-century era of fisheries: 1940–1969 2991954–1970 Total Catch Statistics 300Species shift, changing technology, improved access, and awareness of off-shore waters: 1970s–1980s 301Three Alaskan competitors: Japan, Russia/Soviet Union, and Korea 302Organization of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) 304Discussion and conclusions 305Endnotes 307References 30718 Can Fishers’ Virtuous Behavior Improve Large Marine Ecosystem Health? 310Valentina GianniniIntroduction 310Guatemala: A case study 314Vicious chains: Exploitation and degradation 314Virtous chains and the Red: A partial solution to conflict and overfishing 316Discussion 317Conclusions 318Acknowledgements 319References 319Useful websites 32119 Ecosystem-based Management in the Asia-Pacific Region 322Mitsutaku Makino and Hiroyuki MatsudaIntroduction 322Global comparison of fisheries sectors 323Ecosystem-based management at the Shiretoko WorldNatural Heritage, Japan 329Discussion 331Conclusion 332Acknowledgement 332Endnotes 332References 33320 A Network Approach to Understanding Coastal Management and Governance of Small-scale Fisheries in the Eastern Caribbean 334Kemraj Parsram and Patrick McConneyIntroduction 334Coastal and fisheries resources 335Governance issues 337Network governance thinking 340Tuna fishery management 341Fisheries science networks 343Regional fisher folk organization 346Conclusion 347References 34821 Uncertainty Demands an Adaptive Management Approach to the Use of Marine Protected Areas as Management Tools 351Michel J. KaiserIntroduction 351Quantifying the performance of MPAs 352The “plaice-box” as a case study 353Climate effects on MPA performance metrics 355Dealing with future uncertainty 356References 35722 Building Resilience to Climatic and Global Change in High-Latitude Fishing Communities: Three Case Studies from Iceland and Alaska 359James R. McGoodwinIntroduction 360Impacts that are forecast for marine ecosystems and the world’s coastal fishing communities 361Case studies from three high-latitude fishing communities 364Case Study 1: Heimaey, Iceland 365Case Study 2: Dillingham, Southwest Alaska 367Case Study 3: The Yup’ik community, Southwest Alaska 369Conclusion: recommendations for increasing the resilience of the three high-latitude coastal fishing communities 372Recommendations for Heimaey, Iceland 372Recommendations for Dillingham, Southwest Alaska 373Recommendations for the Yup’ik community, Southwest Alaska 373General recommendations 373Regarding ordinary climatic variability 373Regarding severe coastal storms and extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and saltwater intrusion 374Regarding changes in marine ecosystem compositions 374Regarding building the capacity of fisheries-management systems to more effectively deal with global warming and change 375Regarding future fisheries research 375Regarding regional fisheries management organizations 376Acknowledgements 377Endnotes 377References 37823 Coping with Environmental Change: Systemic Responses and the Roles of Property and Community in Three Fisheries 381Bonnie J. McCay, Wendy Weisman, and Carolyn CreedIntroduction 381Case Study 1: Fogo Island, Newfoundland, Canada 383Case Study 2: Pacifico Norte, Baja California Sur, Mexico 386Case Study 3: US Surfclam Fishery 391Conclusion: Enclosures, feedback, and the future 394Acknowledgements 396References 397Part VI Conclusions 40124 Conclusion: Hierarchy, Power, and Potential Regime Shifts in Marine Social-Ecological Systems 403Rosemary E. Ommer and R. Ian PerryReferences 406Index 407