Wheat

Brett F. Carver is Regents Professor and Wheat Genetics Chair in Agriculture at Oklahoma State University, whose research in wheat breeding and genetics spans 25 years.

• Foreword xviiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxiContributors xxiiiSection I: Making of a Wheat Plant 31 Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement 5Summary 5Introduction 5Wheat domestication and human civilization 6Wheat cultivation 7Origin, domestication, and evolution of wheat 8Genome evolution and modification 16Mechanisms for chromosome evolution 18The potential of wild emmer in wheat improvement 21Concluding remarks on the process of wheat evolution 22Future perspectives 23References 232 Development of the wheat plant 31Summary 31Introduction 31Scales of plant development 323Morphological naming schemes 34Shoot development 35Environmental factors influencing shoot development 42Digital technologies for wheat development 47Linking molecular biology and functional genomics to development 49Future perspectives 50References 503 The flowering pathway in wheat 57Summary 57Overview of flowering induction in wheat 57Genetic locations of flowering time genes 58Positional cloning of flowering time genes in wheat 61Comparative studies on flowering pathways in plants 65Future perspectives 67References 68Section II: Making of a Wheat Crop 734 Systems-based wheat management strategies 75Summary 75Introduction 75Advances in wheat management 75Dual-purpose wheat 79No-till wheat production 82Future perspectives 84References 865 Diseases which challenge global wheat production—the wheat rusts 89Summary 89Introduction 90Wheat leaf rust 90Wheat stripe rust 102Wheat stem rust 109Future perspectives 116References 1176 Diseases which challenge global wheat production—root, crown, and culm rots 125Summary 125Introduction 125Common root rot 126Fusarium crown rot 129Pythium root rot 131Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch 134Take-all 136Cephalosporium stripe 139Eyespot 141Future perspectives 142References 1447 Diseases which challenge global wheat production—powdery mildew and leaf and head blights 155Summary 155Introduction 155Powdery mildew 156Stagonospora nodorum blotch 157Septoria tritici blotch 158Tan spot 159Fusarium head blight 160Management of residue-borne diseases 161Future perspectives 163References 1648 Nematodes which challenge global wheat production 171Summary 171Introduction 171Cereal cyst nematode 172Root-lesion nematode 177Future perspectives 182References 1839 Insects which challenge global wheat production 189Summary 189Hessian fly 189Bird cherry–oat aphid 192Greenbug 194Russian wheat aphid 196Future perspectives 198References 19910 Temporally and spatially dependent nitrogen management for diverse environments 203Summary 203Introduction 203Nitrogen-use efficiency as a driver of new technology 204Case study: What defines diverse environments 205Is nitrogen needed 206Nutrient deficiencies other than N 209Prediction of yield potential 209Prediction of N responsiveness independent of yield potential 210Midseason N applications can result in maximum yields 210Determination of midseason N rate 211“Ramp” method of determining midseason N rate 212Future perspectives 213References 21311 Grain yield improvement in water-limited environments 215Summary 215Introduction 215Climate and crop growth 216 Water-limited yield potential 218Characterizing target environments 219Breeding for improved performance under drought 221Breeding tools 224Defining the breeding target 231Future perspectives 243References 24312 Cutting down on weeds to cut a cleaner wheat crop 251Summary 251Impact of weeds on wheat 252Controlling weeds with integrated weed management systems 256Weed spatial variation and precision farming 263Putting it all together: Examples of effective systems 264Future perspectives 268References 268Section III: Making of a Wheat Cultivar 27313 Wheat breeding: Procedures and strategies 275Summary 275Brief history of wheat breeding 276The context of applied wheat breeding 277Accessing genetic resources 277Methods to generate genetic variation 279Methods to assess genetic variation 284Methods of selecting while inbreeding to develop a cultivar 285Major issues all wheat breeders face 293The practice of wheat breeding 296Breeding hybrid wheat 300Importance of technology 301Future perspectives 301Webliography 303References 30414 State of QTL detection and marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement 309Summary 309Introduction 309Breeding by visual selection 310Complex traits and gene pyramiding 311Genetic mapping 311Early progress and developments 313Current progress in QTL analysis and deployment of MAS 316Complex traits 319Future developments and uses of QTL analysis and mapping 320Future perspectives 321References 32215 Genome organization and comparative genomics 327Summary 327Mapping 328Comparative genetics 330Map-based cloning 335Physical mapping in hexaploid wheat 342Organization and evolution of the wheat genome 349Toward sequencing the wheat genome 353Future perspectives 357References 35916 Synthetic wheat—an emerging genetic resource 369Summary 369Introduction 369Primary synthetic hexaploid wheat 371Strategies for using primary synthetics in applied wheat breeding 377Performance of derived synthetics 378Future perspectives 380References 38117 Success in wheat improvement 387World yield gains 387Genetic component of grain yield improvement 388Empirical estimation of genetic gain 389Wheat yield gains in light of other crops 392Future perspectives 393References 39418 Transgenic applications in wheat improvement 397Summary 397Introduction 398Wheat transformation: Methods and results 398Applications of wheat transformation 404Limitations of wheat transformation technology 418Future perspectives 424References 426Section IV: Making of a Wheat Industry 43719 Overview of wheat classification and trade 439Summary 439Introduction 439World production 439Global wheat trade 440Fundamental wheat classification criteria 444US system of wheat classification 444Canadian system of classification and marketing 449Australian system of classification and marketing 450Purchasing decision making 450Grain exchanges 451Future perspectives 453References 45420 Passing the test on wheat end-use quality 455Summary 455Introduction 455Characteristics of major wheat-based foods 457Compositional analysis and grain testing 465Starch and flour properties 472Solvent retention capacity 475Dough testing and prediction of dough properties 476End-product testing 482Emerging opportunities 483Future perpectives 485References 48621 The biochemical and molecular basis of wheat quality 495Summary 495Introduction 496Diversity of wheat utilization 496Processing specifications for wheat utilization 499Protein composition and wheat quality 500Lipid composition and wheat quality 506Starch composition and wheat quality 509Nonstarch polysaccharide composition and wheat quality 512Flour color and wheat quality 513Enzymes and wheat quality 514Selection for wheat quality in breeding 516Future perspectives 516References 51722 New uses for wheat and modified wheat products 521Summary 521Introduction 521White wheat 523Low polyphenol oxidase wheat 526Altered starch 527Wheat phytochemicals 532Industrial wheat 538Future perspectives 543References 54423 US wheat marketing system and price discovery 551Summary 551Introduction 551Marketing system 551Physical flow of wheat 555Cash prices 555Quality discounts and premiums 556Future perspectives 556Reference 556Index 557

"The book is an authoritative source of up-to date information on almost all technical aspects of wheat." (Journal of Agricultural Science, December 2010) "An impressive achievement.... It is probably the best general text on wheat that is currently available, with the level of coverage and an accessible style making it suitable as a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as a valuable source of information for practising wheat scientists." (Journal of Cereal Science, December 2009) "The signposting of sections and subjects is excellent, enabling the reader to find areas of interest quickly and easily. … The book is a sound reference source for academics, students, breeders and professionals in the wheat industry" (Experimental Agriculture, December 2009)"A reference on all aspects of the wheat plant, crop, cultivar, and industry." (Book News, December 2009)