Water Quality Engineering

MARK M. BENJAMIN, PhD, is Professor of Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington. A Fulbright Fellow, Dr. Benjamin is an expert in physical and chemical treatment processes. His research examines the behavior of natural organic matter and its removal from potable water sources. Moreover, he has developed adsorption-based processes for the removal of metals, natural organic matter, and other contaminants from solutions. A major focus of his current research has been the membrane treatment of drinking water.DESMOND F. LAWLER, PhD, holds the Nasser I. Al-Rashid Chair in Civil Engineering at the University of Texas and is a member of the University's Distinguished Teaching Academy. Throughout his career, his research and teaching have focused on physical-chemical treatment processes. The research has emphasized particle removal in drinking water and wastewater but has also involved gas transfer, precipitation, oxidation, and desalination. Fourteen of his Ph.D. advisees hold academic positions, while his numerous M.S. research graduates work in consulting firms and government agencies.

• Preface xxiAcknowledgments xxvPart I Reactors and Reactions In water Quality Engineering1 Mass Balances 31.1 Introduction: The Mass Balance Concept 31.2 The Mass Balance for a System with Unidirectional Flow and Concentration Gradient 71.3 The Mass Balance for a System with Flow and Concentration Gradients in Arbitrary Directions 201.4 The Differential Form of the Three-Dimensional Mass Balance 241.5 Summary 252 Continuous Flow Reactors: Hydraulic Characteristics 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Residence Time Distributions 302.3 Ideal Reactors 422.4 Nonideal Reactors 482.5 Equalization 622.6 Summary 703 Reaction Kinetics 813.1 Introduction 813.2 Fundamentals 823.3 Kinetics of Irreversible Reactions 883.4 Kinetics of Reversible Reactions 993.5 Kinetics of Sequential Reactions 1073.6 The Temperature Dependence of the Rates of Nonelementary Reactions 1143.7 Summary 1154 Continuous Flow Reactors: Performance Characteristics with Reaction 1214.1 Introduction 1214.2 Extent of Reaction in Single Ideal Reactors at Steady State 1214.3 Extent of Reaction in Systems Composed of Multiple Ideal Reactors at Steady State 1304.4 Extent of Reaction in Reactors with Nonideal Flow 1354.5 Extent of Reaction Under Non-Steady-Conditions in Continuous Flow Reactors 1414.6 Summary 146Part II Removal of Dissolved Constituents From Water5 Gas Transfer Fundamentals 1555.1 Introduction 1555.2 Types of Engineered Gas Transfer Systems 1595.3 Henry’s Law and Gas/Liquid Equilibrium 1625.4 Relating Changes in the Gas and Liquid Phases 1705.5 Mechanistic Models for Gas Transfer 1705.6 The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Coefficient KL 1795.7 Evaluating kL kG KL and a: Effects of Hydrodynamic and Other Operating Conditions 1875.8 Summary 1966 Gas Transfer: Reactor Design and Analysis 2076.1 Introduction 2076.2 Case I: Gas Transfer in Systems with a Well-Mixed Liquid Phase 2076.3 Case II: Gas Transfer in Systems with Spatial Variations in the Concentrations of Both Solution and Gas 2266.4 Summary 2417 Adsorption Processes: Fundamentals 2577.1 Introduction 2577.2 Examples of Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems 2627.3 Conceptual Molecular-Scale Models for Adsorption 2667.4 Quantifying the Activity of Adsorbed Species and Adsorption Equilibrium Constants 2687.5 Quantitative Representations of Adsorption Equilibrium: The Adsorption Isotherm 2697.6 Modeling Adsorption Using Surface Pressure to Describe the Activity of Adsorbed Species 2967.7 The Polanyi Adsorption Model and the Polanyi Isotherm 3067.8 Modeling Other Interactions and Reactions at Surfaces 3147.9 Summary 3208 Adsorption Processes: Reactor Design and Analysis 3278.1 Introduction 3278.2 Systems with Rapid Attainment of Equilibrium 3288.3 Systems with a Slow Approach to Equilibrium 3408.4 The Movement of the Mass Transfer Zone Through Fixed Bed Adsorbers 3548.5 Chemical Reactions in Fixed Bed Adsorption Systems 3568.6 Estimating Long-Term Full-Scale Performance of Fixed Beds from Short-Term Bench-Scale Experimental Data 3578.7 Competitive Adsorption in Column Operations: The Chromatographic Effect 3598.8 Adsorbent Regeneration 3658.9 Design Options and Operating Strategies for Fixed Bed Reactors 3668.10 Summary 3699 Precipitation and Dissolution Processes 3799.1 Introduction 3799.2 Fundamentals of Precipitation Processes 3809.3 Precipitation Dynamics: Particle Nucleation and Growth 3849.4 Modeling Solution Composition in Precipitation Reactions 3949.5 Stoichiometric and Equilibrium Models for Precipitation Reactions 3979.6 Solid Dissolution Reactions 4229.7 Reactors for Precipitation Reactions 4269.8 Summary 42810 Redox Processes and Disinfection 43510.1 Introduction 43510.2 Basic Principles and Overview 43510.3 Oxidative Processes Involving Common Oxidants 44110.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 46910.5 Reductive Processes 48610.6 Electrochemical Processes 48810.7 Disinfection 48810.8 Summary 502Part III Removal of Particles From Water11 Particle Treatment Processes: Common Elements 51911.1 Introduction 51911.2 Particle Stability 52111.3 Chemicals Commonly Used for Destabilization 53211.4 Particle Destabilization 53511.5 Interactions of Destabilizing Chemicals with Soluble Materials 54211.6 Mixing of Chemicals into the Water Stream 54411.7 Particle Size Distributions 54611.8 Particle Shape 55111.9 Particle Density 55211.10 Fractal Nature of Flocs 55211.11 Summary 55312 Flocculation 56312.1 Introduction 56312.2 Changes in Particle Size Distributions by Flocculation 56412.3 Flocculation Modeling 56512.4 Collision Frequency: Long-Range Force Model 57212.5 Collision Efficiency: Short-Range Force Model 58112.6 Turbulence and Turbulent Flocculation 58912.7 Floc Breakup 59212.8 Modeling of Flocculation with Fractal Dimensions 59412.9 Summary 59613 Gravity Separations 60313.1 Introduction 60313.2 Engineered Systems for Gravity Separations 60513.3 Sedimentation of Individual Particles 60713.4 Batch Sedimentation: Type I 61213.5 Batch Sedimentation: Type II 61813.6 Continuous Flow Ideal Settling 62213.7 Effects of Nonideal Flow on Sedimentation Reactor Performance 63913.8 Thickening 64413.9 Flotation 65513.10 Summary 66914 Granular Media Filtration 67714.1 Introduction 67714.2 A Typical Filter Run 68014.3 General Mathematical Description of Particle Removal: Iwasaki’s Model 68314.4 Clean Bed Removal 68414.5 Predicted Clean Bed Removal in Standard Water and Wastewater Treatment Filters 69414.6 Head Loss in a Clean Filter Bed 69814.7 Filtration Dynamics: Experimental Findings of Changes with Time 70014.8 Models of Filtration Dynamics 70914.9 Filter Cleaning 71414.10 Summary 717Part IV Membrane-Based Water and Wastewater Treatment15 Membrane Processes 73115.1 Introduction 73115.2 Overview of Membrane System Operation 73215.3 Membranes Modules and the Mechanics of Membrane Treatment 73415.4 Parameters Used to Describe Membrane Systems 74215.5 Overview of Pressure-Driven Membrane Systems 74915.6 Quantifying Driving Forces in Membrane Systems 75215.7 Quantitative Modeling of Pressure-Driven Membrane Systems 75915.8 Modeling Transport of Water and Contaminants From Bulk Solution to the Surface of Pressure-Driven Membranes 77315.9 Effects of Crossflow on Permeation and Fouling 79215.11 Modeling Dense Membrane Systems Using Irreversible Thermodynamics 83415.12 Summary 838References 839Problems 841Index 847

“The book constitutes a wonderful text for the graduate as well as post graduate students studying water quality engineering.  It is also helpful for the practicing engineers working in this field.”  (Clean Soil, Air, Water, 1 October 2015)