Water Encyclopedia, Water Quality and Resource Development

Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

• Preface ixContributors xiWater Quality ControlAcid Mine Drainage—Extent and Character 1The Control of Algal Populations in Eutrophic Water Bodies 2Arsenic Compounds in Water 7Arsenic Health Effects 15Background Concentration of Pollutants 18Waterborne Bacteria 20Water Assessment and Criteria 24Physiological Biomarkers and the Trondheim Biomonitoring System 28Biomarkers, Bioindicators, and the Trondheim Biomonitoring System 29Active Biomonitoring (ABM) by Translocation of Bivalve Molluscs 33Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Other Organic Pollution Measures 37Biodegradation 41Bioluminescent Biosensors for Toxicity Testing 45Biomanipulation 50Genomic Technologies in Biomonitoring 58Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Trace Metals 64Biosorption of Toxic Metals 68Bromide Influence on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation 74Activated Carbon: Ion Exchange and Adsorption Properties 79Activated Carbon—Powdered 86Chlorination 88Chlorination By-Products 91Classification and Environmental Quality Assessment in Aquatic Environments 94Coagulation and Flocculation in Practice 98Colloids and Dissolved Organics: Role in Membrane and Depth Filtration 99Column Experiments in Saturated Porous Media Studying Contaminant Transport 103Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase as an Indicator of PCB/Dioxin-Like Compounds in Fish 106Water Related Diseases 111Dishwashing Water Quality Properties 112Disinfection By-Product Precursor Removal from Natural Waters 115Alternative Disinfection Practices and Future Directions for Disinfection By-Product Minimization 118Water Quality Aspects of Dredged Sediment Management 122The Economics of Water Quality 127Understanding Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and the Need for Rapid Detection in Water 136Eutrophication and Organic Loading 142Trace Element Contamination in Groundwater of District Hardwar, Uttaranchal, India 143Iron Bacteria 149Cartridge Filters for Iron Removal 152Irrigation Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River Yamuna At Delhi, India 155Water Sampling and Laboratory Safety 161Municipal Solid Waste Landfills—Water Quality Issues 163Land Use Effects on Water Quality 169Monitoring Lipophilic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment using the SPMD-TOX Paradigm 170Use of Luminescent Bacteria and the Lux Genes For Determination of Water Quality 172Water Quality Management 176Water Quality Management and Nonpoint Source Control 184Water Quality Management in an Urban Landscape 189Water Quality Management in the U.S.: History of Water Regulation 193Water Quality Management in a Forested Landscape 199Trace Metal Speciation 202Metal Ion Humic Colloid Interaction 205Heavy Metal Uptake Rates Among Sediment Dwelling Organisms 211Methemoglobinemia 219Microbial Activities Management 223Microbial Dynamics of Biofilms 228Microbial Enzyme Assays for Detecting Heavy Metal Toxicity 233Microbial Forms in Biofouling Events 239Microbiological Quality Control in Distribution Systems 243Water Quality Models for Developing Soil Management Practices 248Water Quality Modeling—Case Studies 255Field Sampling and Monitoring of Contaminants 263Water Quality Models: Chemical Principles 269Water Quality Models: Mathematical Framework 273Environmental Applications with Submitochondrial Particles 278Interest in the Use of an Electronic Nose for Field Monitoring of Odors in the Environment 281Oil-Field Brine 284Oil Pollution 290Indicator Organisms 292pH 294Perchloroethylene (PCE) Removal 299A Primer on Water Quality 301Overview of Analytical Methods of Water Analyses With Specific Reference to EPA Methods for Priority Pollutant Analysis 304Source-Water Protection 311Protozoa in Water 313Water Quality 314Water Quality 316Emerging and Recalcitrant Compounds in Groundwater 316Road Salt 319Review of River Water Quality Modeling Software Tools 325River Water Quality Calibration 331Salmonella: Monitoring and Detection in Drinking Water 337Lysimeter Soil Water Sampling 340Regulatory and Security Requirements for Potable Water 343A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example For Spanish Coasts 350Remediation and Bioremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Waters 355Shellfish Growing Water Classification 360Sorptive Filtration 362Quality of Water in Storage 367Quality of Water Supplies 370The Submitochondrial Particle Assay as a Biological Monitoring Tool 376Microscale Test Relationships to Responses to Toxicants in Natural Systems 379Toxicity Identification Evaluation 380Whole Effluent Toxicity Controls 382Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Regulatory Purposes 383Algal Toxins in Water 387Ground Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River Yamuna at Delhi, India 392Chlorine Residual 398Source Water Quality Management 399Dose-Response of Mussels to Chlorine 401Metallothioneins as Indicators of Trace Metal Pollution 406Amphipod Sediment Toxicity Tests 408Ciliated Protists as Test Organisms in Toxicity Assessment 413SOFIE: An Optimized Approach for Exposure Tests and Sediment Assays 418Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage (Wetlands) 423Biomarkers and Bioaccumulation: Two Lines of Evidence to Assess Sediment Quality 426Lead and its Health Effects 432Microbial Detection of Various Pollutants as an Early Warning System for Monitoring of Water Quality and Ecological Integrity of Natural Resources, in Russia 440Luminescent Bacterial Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Toxicants 453Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Test for Regulatory Purposes 458Eh 464Water Resource Development and ManagementWater Resources Challenges in the Arab World 470Effluent Water Regulations in Arid Lands 475California—Continually the Nation’s Leader in Water Use 478Lessons from the Rising Caspian 480Institutional Aspects of Water Management in China 484Will Water Scarcity Limit China’s Agricultural Potential? 488Water and Coastal Resources 489Water Use Conservation and Efficiency 489Conservation of Water 495The Development of American Water Resources: Planners, Politicians, and Constitutional Interpretation 498Water Markets: Transaction Costs and Institutional Options 499Averting Water Disputes 501Water Supply and Water Resources: Distribution System Research 509Drought in the Dust Bowl Years 511Drought Management Planning 514Drought and Water Supply Management 515Assessment of Ecological Effects in Water-Limited Environments 516Reaching Out: Public Education and Community Involvement in Groundwater Protection 518Integration of Environmental Impacts into Water Resources Planning 520The Expansion of Federal Water Projects 522Flood Control History in the Netherlands 524Food and Water in an Emergency 526Water Demand Forecasting 529Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Water Resources 531Globalization of Water 536Water Science Glossary of Terms 541Harvesting Rainwater 548Urban Water Resource and Management in Asia: Ho Chi Minh City 552Hydropower—Energy from Moving Water 554Water Markets in India: Economic and Institutional Aspects 555Water Resources of India 559Water Infrastructure and Systems 567Overview and Trends in the International Water Market 568Best Management Practices for Water Resources 570Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 574Management of Water Resources for Drought Conditions 576Water Resources Management 586NASA Helping to Understand Water Flow in theWest 587Transboundary Water Conflicts in the Nile Basin 590Planning and Managing Water Infrastructure 594Application of the Precautionary Principle to Water Science 595Water Pricing 603Spot Prices, Option Prices, and Water Markets 606Water Managed in the Public Trust 608Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits 610State and Regional Water Supply 613River Basin Decisions Support Systems 619Water Resource Sustainability: Concepts and Practices 624The Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries 630Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 633Sustainable Water Management On Mediterranean Islands: Research and Education 638Meeting Water Needs in Developing Countries with Tradable Rights 643Water Use in the United States 645How We Use Water in These United States 650Valuing Water Resources 653Water—Here, There, and Everywhere in Canada 656Water Conservation—Every Drop Counts in Canada 660Ecoregions: A Spatial Framework for Environmental Management 667Flood of Portals on Water 668Fuzzy Criteria for Water Resources Systems Performance Evaluation 674Participatory Multicriteria Flood Management 678Water Resources Systems Analysis 683Index 689