Wastewater Pathogens

MICHAEL H. GERARDI holds an MS in biology from James Madison University and provides wastewater operator training and troubleshooting of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, and Europe. He has authored more than eighty technical articles. He is currently responsible for the development and presentation of wastewater biology courses at the Pennsylvania State University. MEL C. ZIMMERMAN is professor and chair of the Biology Department at Lycoming College. He also directs the Clean Water Institute at Lycoming. He has been teaching courses in ecology, aquatic biology, and tropical marine biology for twenty-four years. His research and publications deal with stream ecology and restoration, wetland ecology, and wastewater biology.

• PREFACE ixPART I OVERVIEW 11. Introduction 32. History 73. Hazards 114. Classification of Organisms 17PART II VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND FUNGI 215. Viruses 236. Hepatitis Virus Group 317. HIV 398. West Nile Virus 459. Bacteria 5310. Leptospira interrogans 6711. Fungi 69PART III PROTOZOANS AND HELMINTHS 7312. Introduction to Parasitic Protozoans and Helminths 7513. Protozoans 7914. Helminths 85PART IV ECTOPARASITES AND RODENTS 9715. Ectoparasites 9916. Rodents and Rodent Control 103PART V AEROSOLS, FOAM, AND SLUDGE 11117. Aerosols and Foam 11318. Sludge 117PART VI DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND THE BODY’S DEFENSES 12319. Disease Transmission 12520. The Body’s Defenses 129PART VII REMOVAL, INACTIVATION, AND DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENS 13521. Removal, Inactivation, and Destruction of Pathogens 13722. Disinfection 14123. Coliform Bacteria and Indicator Organisms 145PART VIII HYGIENE MEASURES, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, AND IMMUNIZATIONS 14924. Hygiene Measures and Protective Equipment 15125. Immunizations 159REFERENCES 163ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 167CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND ELEMENTS 169GLOSSARY 171INDEX 177

"Even though this book was prepared for personnel who work at wastewater treatment facilities....it would also be very useful and applicable to personnel who work in solid waste management." (Waste Management, Volume 26, Issue 1, 2006) "...a good addition to any wastewater treatment plant operators' library." (E-STREAMS, September 2005) "...offers wastewater personnel a practical guide that is free of overly technical jargon...well-suited for use both in the classroom and on the job." (Journal of the American Water Resources Association, December 2004)