Violence

Alex Alvarez, PhD, is a professor in the department of criminology and criminal justice atNorthern Arizona University. From 2001 until 2003, he was the founding director of theMartin-Springer Institute for Teaching the Holocaust, Tolerance, and Humanitarian Values.In 2017–2018, he served as the Ida E. King Distinguished Visiting Scholar in Holocaust andGenocide Studies at Stockton University. His first book, Governments, Citizens, and Genocide,was published by Indiana University Press in 2001. His other books include Murder AmericanStyle (2002), Genocidal Crimes (2009), Native America and the Question of Genocide (2014), andUnsteady Ground: Climate Change, Conflict, and Genocide (2017). He has also served as an editorfor the journal Violence and Victims, was a founding coeditor of the journal Genocide Studiesand Prevention, and is an editor for Genocide Studies International. He has been invited to speakand present his research across North America and Europe.Ronet D. Bachman, PhD, worked as a statistician at the Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S.Department of Justice, before going back to an academic career; she is now a professor in theDepartment of Sociology and Criminal Justice at the University of Delaware. She is coauthorof Statistical Methods for Criminology and Criminal Justice and coeditor of Explaining Criminalsand Crime: Essays in Contemporary Criminal Theory. In addition, she is the author of Death andViolence on the Reservation and coauthor of Stress, Culture, and Aggression; Murder AmericanStyle; and Violence: The Enduring Problem, along with numerous articles and papers that examinethe epidemiology and etiology of violence, with particular emphasis on women, the elderly,and minority populations as well as research examining desistance from crime. Her most recentfederally funded research was a mixed-methods study that examined the long-term desistancetrajectories of criminal justice involved drug-involved individuals who have been followed withboth quantitative and interview data for nearly thirty years. Her current state-funded research isassessing the needs of violent crime victims, especially those whose voices are rarely heard suchas loved ones of homicide victims.

• Chapter 1: Defining ViolenceConnecting ViolenceDefining ViolenceMeasuring ViolenceViolence and U.S. SocietyChapter 2: Why Do We Do It?Ethological and Biological Explanations of ViolencePsychological Explanations of ViolenceSociological Explanations of ViolenceExplaining Collective ViolenceChapter 3: Assault and Murder: A Continuum of ViolenceDefining Assault and HomicideViolent InteractionsWhat Are We Doing About Murder?Chapter 4: Serial, Mass, and Spree KillingSerial MurderSpree MurderMass MurderChapter 5: Violence in the HomeIntimate Partner ViolenceHow Many Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Are There?Risk Factors for Intimate Partner ViolenceViolence in Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/ Transgender/Queer (LGBTQ+) RelationshipsWhat Are We Doing About Intimate Partner Violence?StalkingWhat Are We Doing About Stalking?Child AbuseWhat Are We Doing About Physical Child Abuse?Elder AbuseWhat Are We Doing About Elder Abuse?Chapter 6: Rape and Sexual AssaultHow Many Rape and Sexual Assault Victims Are There?Rape on College CampusesRape in PrisonRape and the U.S. MilitaryGenocide and RapeHuman TraffickingFactors Related to Sexual ViolenceWhat Are We Doing About Rape?Chapter 7: Stranger Crime and Street ViolenceRobberyWhat Are We Doing About Street Robbery?Bank RobberyWorkplace ViolenceStreet Gang ViolenceWhat Are We Doing About Street Gang Violence?Chapter 8: Hate CrimesViolent Hate CrimesJames Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard: Catalysts for Modern Hate Crime LegislationWhat Is a Hate Crime?How Frequently Are Hate Crimes Carried Out?Race-Based Hate CrimeReligion-Based Hate CrimeHate GroupsHow Can We Combat Hate Crime?Chapter 9: Crowd ViolenceMobs and CrowdsMob MentalityRiotsRace RiotsVigilantismChapter 10: TerrorismDefining TerrorismHow Frequent Are Terrorist Acts?Types of TerrorismWho Becomes a Terrorist?Tactics and WeaponsWhat Are We Doing About Terrorism?Chapter 11: GenocideDefining GenocideA History of GenocideWhy Do Genocides Happen?Precursors to GenocidePerpetrators of GenocideWho Are the Victims of Genocide?When People Do Nothing: The Bystanders to GenocideWhat Are We Doing About Genocide?Chapter 12: Towards Violence PreventionCosts of ViolenceHow Do We Know What Works?Criminal Justice Responses to ViolenceViolence as a Public Health Problem With a Community Response