Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

The Authors Brian G. Murphy, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is an Associate Professor at the University of California, Davis, California, USA. Cynthia M. Bell, DVM, DACVP, held faculty positions at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison and Kansas State University, Manhattan; she currently owns and operates Specialty Oral Pathology for Animals (SOPA) in Geneseo, Illinois, USA. Jason W. Soukup, DVM, DAVDC, AVDC Founding Fellow – Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, is a Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiAbout the Companion Website xv1 A Philosophical Approach to Establishing a Diagnosis 12 Histological Features of Normal Oral Tissues 32.1 Oral Mucosa 32.2 Gingiva 32.3 Periodontal Apparatus 62.4 Enamel 72.5 Dentin 92.6 Cementum 92.7 Odontoblasts and Pulp Stroma 92.8 Maxillary and Mandibular Bone 103 Tooth Development (Odontogenesis) 133.1 Species Differences 184 Conditions and Diseases of Teeth 214.1 Odontogenic Developmental Anomalies and Attrition 214.1.1 Primary Enamel Disorders 214.1.2 Primary Dentin Disorders 234.1.3 Abnormalities in Tooth Number 244.1.4 Abnormalities in Tooth Shape 264.1.5 Tooth Discoloration 284.1.6 Dental Attrition, Abrasion, and Erosion 294.2 Degenerative and Inflammatory Disorders of Teeth 314.2.1 Pulpitis 314.2.2 Pulp Degeneration 324.2.3 Periapical Periodontitis 334.2.4 Caries 344.2.5 Plaque and Calculus 344.2.6 Tooth Resorption 354.2.6.1 Tooth Resorption in Cats 364.2.6.2 Tooth Resorption in Dogs 384.2.7 Odontogenic Dysplasia 394.3 Equine Dental Diseases 424.3.1 Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis 424.3.2 Periodontitis and Pulpitis of Cheek Teeth 434.3.3 Nodular Hypercementosis (Cementoma) 444.3.4 Tooth Fractures 454.3.5 Caries 455 Inflammatory Lesions of the Oral Mucosa and Jaws 495.1 Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 495.1.1 Gingivitis and Periodontitis 495.1.2 Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis 525.1.2.1 Clinical and Gross Presentation of FCGS 525.1.2.2 Pathogenesis of FCGS 535.1.2.3 Histologic Features of FCGS 545.1.2.4 Clinical Management of FCGS 565.1.3 Virus‐Associated Stomatitis in Cats 565.1.4 Canine Stomatitis 575.1.5 Immune‐Mediated Dermatoses with Oral Involvement 605.1.6 Mucosal Drug Reactions 645.1.7 Mucocutaneous Pyoderma 645.1.8 Eosinophilic Stomatitis 655.1.9 Granulomatous Stomatitis 655.1.10 Oral Candidiasis 675.1.11 Uremia‐Associated Stomatitis 685.1.12 Oral inflammation Due to Chronic or Systemic Disease 695.2 Inflammation of the Jaw 725.2.1 Periodontal Osteomyelitis 725.2.2 Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis) 755.2.3 Mandibulofacial/Maxillofacial Abscesses of Mice 765.2.4 Periostitis Ossificans 776 Trauma and Physical Injury 796.1 Soft Tissue Injury 796.1.1 Abrasions and Lacerations 796.1.2 Traumatic “Granuloma” 796.1.2.1 Clinical Features 826.1.3 Thermal and Chemical Burns 836.2 Traumatic Lesions of the Teeth and Jaws 856.2.1 Disrupted Tooth Development 856.2.2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (Pseudocyst) 866.2.3 Dentoalveolar Trauma 876.2.4 Fractures of the Jaw 887 Odontogenic Tumors 917.1 Approach to Odontogenic Neoplasms 917.1.1 Odontogenic Epithelium 917.1.2 Mineralized Dental Matrices 937.1.3 Dental Papilla 947.1.4 Dental Follicle 947.1.5 Induction 947.1.6 Diagnosing Odontogenic Neoplasms – the Process 957.2 Tumors Composed of Odontogenic Epithelium and Fibrous Stroma 987.2.1 Conventional Ameloblastoma (CA) 987.2.1.1 Clinical Features 1007.2.1.2 Ameloblastic Carcinoma and Malignant Ameloblastoma 1007.2.2 Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (CAA) 1027.2.2.1 Clinical Features 1047.2.3 Amyloid‐Producing Ameloblastoma (CEOT/APOT) 1057.2.3.1 Clinical Features 1087.3 Tumors Composed of Odontogenic Epithelium, Ectomesenchyme of the Dental Papilla and Follicle 1097.3.1 Ameloblastic Fibroma 1097.3.1.1 Clinical Features 1107.3.2 Feline Inductive Odontogenic Tumor 1117.3.2.1 Clinical Features 1127.4 Odontogenic Tumors Composed of Odontogenic Epithelium, Ectomesenchyme of the Dental Papilla, and Mineralized Dental Matrices 1137.4.1 Odontoma 1137.4.1.1 Compound Odontoma 1147.4.1.2 Complex Odontoma 1157.4.2 Ameloblastic Fibro‐Odontoma 1197.4.3 Odontoameloblastoma 1227.5 Cementoblastoma 1247.6 Odontogenic Myxoma 1267.6.1 Clinical Features 1278 Tumors Arising from the Soft Tissues 1298.1 Melanocytic Tumors 1298.1.1 Oral Melanocytoma 1298.1.2 Oral Melanoma 1308.1.2.1 Clinical Features 1338.2 Oral Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma 1348.2.1 Oral Fibroma 1348.2.2 Oral Fibrosarcoma in Dogs 1348.2.3 Canine Biologically High‐Grade/Histologically Low‐Grade Fibrosarcoma 1378.2.3.1 Clinical Features 1378.2.4 Oral Fibrosarcoma in other Species 1378.3 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1398.3.1 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs 1398.3.1.1 Clinical Features 1438.3.2 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Domestic Cats 1438.3.2.1 Clinical Features 1458.3.3 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Horses, Cattle, and Other Species 1458.4 Oral Papilloma 1498.4.1 Oral Papillomas in Dogs 1498.4.1.1 Clinical Features 1518.4.2 Oral Papillomas in Felids 1528.4.3 Oral Papillomas in Cattle and Other Species 1528.5 Oral Lymphoma 1548.5.1 Canine Oral Lymphoma 1558.5.2 Feline Oral Lymphoma 1568.5.3 Oral Lymphoma of Ruminants 1578.6 Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (Carcinoid) 1588.7 Granular Cell Tumor 1598.8 Mast Cell Tumor 1618.9 Plasmacytoma 1638.10 Vascular Tumors 1648.10.1 Hemangioma and Vascular Malformations 1648.10.2 Hemangiosarcoma 1649 Tumors of the Jaw 1679.1 Maxillofacial Osteosarcoma 1679.1.1 Tumor‐Associated Osteoidal Matrix 1679.1.2 Central Osteosarcoma 1689.1.3 Osteosarcoma Subtypes 1699.1.4 Central Low‐Grade Osteosarcoma 1719.1.5 Peripheral Osteosarcoma 1729.1.6 Parosteal Osteosarcoma 1729.1.7 Periosteal Osteosarcoma 1729.2 Osteoma 1749.3 Multilobular Sarcoma of Bone 1789.4 Chondrosarcoma 18210 Tumor‐Like Proliferative Lesions of the Oral Mucosa and Jaws 18510.1 Tumor‐Like Proliferative Lesions of the Oral Mucosa 18510.1.1 Calcinosis Circumscripta 18510.1.2 Ectopic Sebaceous Tissue 18610.1.3 Follicular Lymphoid Hyperplasia 18710.1.4 Tonsillar Polyp 18810.1.5 Sublingual Nodules and Polyps 18810.1.6 Histiocytic Foam Cell Nodules 18910.1.7 Nodular Chondroid Hyperplasia/ Degeneration of the Larynx and Epiglottis 19210.2 Tumor‐Like Proliferative Lesions of the Tooth‐Bearing Regions of the Jaw 19410.2.1 Gingival Hyperplasia and Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia 19410.2.2 Craniomandibular Osteopathy 19510.2.3 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma 19610.2.4 Fibromatous Epulis of Periodontal Ligament Origin (FEPLO)/ Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma (POF) 19710.2.4.1 Clinical Presentation and Gross Pathology 19810.2.4.2 Histological Features 19910.2.4.3 Clinical Features 20110.2.5 Proliferative Fibro‐Osseous Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Jaws 20110.2.5.1 Ossifying Fibroma 20110.2.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia 20311 Odontogenic Cysts 20711.1 Radiologic Features of Odontogenic Cysts 20711.2 Histological Features of Odontogenic Cysts 20711.3 Types of Odontogenic Cysts 20911.3.1 Dentigerous Cyst 20911.3.2 Lateral Periodontal Cyst and Gingival Cyst 20911.3.3 Periapical (Radicular) Cyst 21211.3.4 Keratin‐Filled Cysts 21311.4 Treatment and Considerations for Biopsy of Oral Cystic Lesions 21311.5 Pathogenesis of Odontogenic Cysts 21411.6 Do Odontogenic Tumors Arise from Odontogenic Cysts? 21512 Lesions of the Salivary Gland 21712.1 Microanatomy and Physiology 21712.2 Salivary Duct Obstruction, Cysts, and Pseudocysts 21812.3 Salivary Gland Infarction (Necrotizing Sialometaplasia) 22012.4 Salivary Gland Inflammation (Sialoadenitis) 22112.5 Salivary Gland Neoplasia 22412.5.1 Benign Salivary Gland Tumors 22512.5.2 Pleomorphic Adenoma (Salivary Gland Mixed Tumor) 22512.5.3 Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors 22512.5.4 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 22612.5.5 Adenocarcinoma 22712.5.6 Acinic Cell Carcinoma 22712.5.7 Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma 228Appendix 231A.1 Processing Teeth Submitted as Biopsy Specimens 231A.2 Face Decalcification of Paraffin Blocks 232A.3 Recommended Best Practices for “Grossing” Mandibulectomy and Maxilectomy Surgical Specimens 232A.4 Specimen Immobilization 234A.5 Cutting Instrumentation 234A.6 Orienting the Specimen 236A.7 Decalcification 236Index 239