Urogenital Imaging

Professor SK Morcos, FRCS, FFRRCSI, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK (President, European Society of Urological Radiology). Henrik S. Thomsen, Professor of Radiology, University of Copenhagen, Chairman, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, DENMARK.

• Foreword xiiiPreface xvContributors xvii1 Adrenal Imaging 1Khaled M. Elsayes, Isaac R. Francis, Melvyn Korobkin and Gerard M. Doherty 1.1 Introduction 11.2 Cushing’s syndrome 21.3 Primary hyperaldosteronism 51.4 Pheochromocytoma 81.5 Adrenal cortical carcinoma 121.6 Adrenal incidentaloma 152 Retroperitoneal Masses 21Pietro Pavlica, Massimo Valentino and Libero Barozzi 2.1 Introduction 212.2 Retroperitoneal anatomy 212.3 Pathological conditions 222.4 Primary solid retroperitoneal tumors 222.5 Retroperitoneal lymphoma 272.6 Cystic retroperitoneal masses 302.7 Retroperitoneal metastases 322.8 Retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond’s disease) 332.9 Retroperitoneal fluid collections (traumatic and non-traumatic) 35References 413 Imaging of Renal Artery Stenosis 43Robert Hartman 3.1 Introduction 433.2 Clinical features 433.3 Pathology 453.4 Imaging of suspected renal artery stenosis 45References 514 Renal Masses 53Philip J. Kenney 4.1 Introduction 534.2 Symptomatic renal carcinoma 534.3 Incidental renal masses 554.4 Patients with a known cancer (other than RCC) 624.5 Renal mass in patients with symptoms 634.6 Vascular lesions presenting as a renal mass 684.7 Renal mass in patients with cystic disease 724.8 Treatment 73References 735 Non-neoplastic Renal Cystic Lesions 75Sameh K. Morcos 5.1 Introduction 755.2 Classification 755.3 Cystic lesions affecting renal cortex 765.4 Cystic lesions of renal medulla 805.5 Cystic diseases affecting both the cortex and medulla 86References 976 Urological and Vascular Complications Post-renal Transplantation 99Tarek El-Diasty and Yasser Osman 6.1 Introduction 996.2 Vascular complications 996.3 Urological complications 1076.4 Ureteric strictures 1106.5 Post-transplant lymphocele 1136.6 Delayed graft function (DGF) 1166.7 Post-transplant bladder malignancy 119References 1207 Urinary Tract Injuries 121Elliott R. Friedman, Stanford M. Goldman and Tung Shu 7.1 Introduction 1217.2 Renal trauma 1217.3 Adrenal trauma 1307.4 Ureteral trauma 1317.5 Bladder trauma 1337.6 Urethral trauma 1367.7 Penile and scrotal trauma 142References 1478 Urinary Tract Infections 149Mikael Hellström, Ulf Jodal, Rune Sixt and Eira Stokland 8.1 Symptomatic urinary tract infection in children 1498.2 Symptomatic upper urinary tract infection in adults 1678.3 Emphysematous pyelonephritis 1738.4 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 1748.5 Urinary tract infection in the immunocompromised patient 1778.6 Tuberculosis 1798.7 Schistosomiasis 1838.8 Hydatid disease (echinococcosis) 1888.9 Urethritis 191References 1939 Imaging of the Genitourinary System – Urolithiasis 195Sami A Moussa and Paramananthan Mariappan 9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Pathology 1959.3 Clinical features 1979.4 Evaluation of patients with suspected urinary stones 1989.5 Treatment 1989.6 Imaging 199References 21810 Hematuria 219Thomas Bretlau, Kirstine L. Hermann, Jørgen Nordling and Henrik S. Thomsen 10.1 Definition 21910.2 Clinical considerations 21910.3 Diagnosis of hematuria 22010.4 Epidemiology 22010.5 Distribution of malignancy in patients with hematuria 22310.6 Imaging 22310.7 Summary 230References 23411 Bladder Cancer 235G. Heinz-Peer and C. Kratzik 11.1 Introduction 23511.2 Clinical features 23711.3 Pathology 23911.4 Imaging findings 24311.5 Treatment planning 25311.6 Post-treatment Imaging 25411.7 Summary 254References 25512 Imaging of Urinary Diversion 257Sameh Hanna and Hesham Badawy 12.1 Introduction 25712.2 Indications for urinary diversion 25712.3 Types of urinary diversion 25712.4 Non-continent cutaneous form of diversion 25812.5 Continent cutaneous urinary diversion (Continent Catheterizing Pouches) 25812.6 Non-orthotopic continent diversion, relying on the anal sphincter for continence 26012.7 Orthotopic form of diversion to the native, intact urethra (neobladder) 26112.8 Contraindications to urinary diversion 26412.9 Complications of urinary diversions 26412.10 The role of radiologist in urinary diversion includes 26712.11 Imaging studies 26812.12 Imaging of complications 26912.13 Summary 271References 27113 Imaging of the Prostate Gland 273François Cornud 13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Zonal anatomy and benign prostatic hypertrophy 27313.3 Diagnosis of prostate cancer: TRUS features 27613.4 Diagnostic of prostate cancer: MRI 28413.5 Contrast-enhanced (dynamic) MRI 28513.6 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) 29013.7 Diffusion-weighted imaging 29213.8 Indications of functional MRI 29513.9 Extension of prostate cancer 29713.10 Local extension by TRUS and TRUS-guided biopsy 29713.11 MRI and staging of prostate cancer 29813.12 Local staging 29913.13 Lymph node metastases: lympho-MRI 30413.14 Bone metastases: whole marrow MRI 30413.15 Benign disorders of the prostate (BPH excluded) 305References 32114 Haemospermia 323Drew A. Torigian, Keith N. Van Arsdalen and Parvati Ramchandani 14.1 Introduction 32314.2 Clinical features 32314.3 Pathology 32514.4 Imaging findings 32514.5 Summary 337References 33715 Scrotal Masses 339Lorenzo E. Derchi and Alchiede Simonato 15.1 Introduction 33915.2 Clinical features 33915.3 Pathology 34015.4 Imaging 34015.5 Important principles in assessment of scrotal masses 34115.6 Important problems in differentiating benign from malignant lesions 345References 35016 Gynaecological Adnexal Masses 351John A. Spencer and Michael J. Weston 16.1 Introduction 35116.2 Clinical features 35116.3 Pathology 35216.4 Imaging 35416.5 Standard radiographic techniques 35516.6 Ultrasound (US) 35516.7 MR Imaging (MRI) 36616.8 Computed Tomography 373References 37917 Imaging of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 381Patricia Noël, Evis Sala and Caroline Reinhold 17.1 Abnormal uterine bleeding 38117.2 Adenomyosis 38217.3 Leiomyomas 38517.4 Endometrial polyp 38917.5 Endometrial hyperplasia 39117.6 Endometrial carcinoma 39417.7 Summary 396References 39718 Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 399Rania Farouk El Sayed 18.1 Introduction 39918.2 Anatomical considerations 39918.3 Pathophysiology of pelvic floor dysfunction 40118.4 Clinical features 40118.5 Imaging of pelvic floor dysfunction 40418.6 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 407References 41319 Imaging of female infertility 415Ahmed-Emad Mahfouz and Hanan Sherif 19.1 Introduction 41519.2 Polycystic ovary syndrome 41519.3 Abnormalities of the fallopian tubes (Hydrosalpinx/Hematosalpinx, tubal block) 41819.4 Fibroids 42119.5 Adenomyosis 42319.6 Developmental anomalies of the uterus 42419.7 Endometriosis 42919.8 Imaging 430Index 431