Urban Wildlife Management, Second Edition

Texas A&M University, College Station, USA Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

• Introduction: A New Wildlife Management Paradigm Part IUrban LandscapesChapter OneWildlife Management: Past and Present Key Concepts A Brief History of Wildlife Management in North America Rise of the American Conservation Movement Changing Wildlife Values A New Kind of Wildlife Categorizing Wildlife The Unique Ecology and Behavior of Urban Wildlife Special Challenges for Wildlife Management within Urban Settings Urban Ecosystems Urban Habitats Sociopolitical Factors Special Management Considerations An Urban Species of Special Interest: The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Pet Raccoons Raccoon Economics Raccoons as Disease Vectors The Urban Raccoon Diet Denning Population Densities Species Profile: Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter TwoThe Changing Landscape of Wildlife Management Key Concepts Demographic Factors That Set the Stage for Urban Wildlife Management The Separation of People and Nature The Need for Wildlife Management in Urban Areas The Need for Public Education Programs About Urban Wildlife Outcomes of Human-Wildlife Encounters Urbanites Need to Reconnect With the Natural World Urban Wildlife Species Are Increasing, Sometimes to Nuisance Levels Some Insights into the Magnitude of Urban Wildlife Problems Urban Species of Most Concern: National Analysis to Urban Species of Most Concern: Regional Analysis to Economic Impact of Damage to Resources by Urban Wildlife: National Overview Economic Impact of Damage to Resources by Urban Wildlife: Regional Overview Urban Habitats as a Dominant Focus of Wildlife Professionals The Infrastructure for Urban Wildlife Management Is Missing Case Study : Neighborhood Moose Killed by Kindness Species Profile: Bobcat (Lynx rufus) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Part IIUrban EcosystemsChapter ThreeEcological Principles in the Urban Context Key Concepts Ecological Principles Diversity Interrelationships Cycles Energy Ecosystem Structure Abiotic Structure Biotic Structure Food Chains and Webs Symbiotic Relationships Biotic Communities Urban Flora Urban Fauna Ecosystem Function Biogeochemical Cycles Energy Thermodynamics and Conservation of Matter Ecological Succession Ecosystem Services Species Profile: Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter FourUrban Soils Key Concepts Introduction Soil Formation Soil Structure Soil Horizons Soil Functions Soil Biota and Their Functions Impacts of Urbanization on Soil Structure and Function Structure Modification: Compaction and Surface Crusting Modified Soil Reaction Anthropogenic Materials Increased Soil Temperatures Taking Better Care of Urban Soil Urban Wildlife Management Implications Species Profile: Moles (Talpidae spp ) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter FiveUrban Waters Key Concepts Introduction The Flow of Water through an Urban Community Sources Uses Discharge Recycle The Water Cycle—Nature’s Filter The Transpiration Loop The Groundwater Loop The Evaporation Loop Caring For the Water Cycle Riparian Corridors: Streams and Rivers Abiotic Effects of Urbanization on Riparian Ecology Pollutants Stream Channelization Biotic Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecology The Aquatic Food Chain Fish as Indicator Species Restoration of Riparian Habitats Urban Wetlands Water Gardens Constructed Wetlands Urban (Community) Fisheries Programs Summary Species Profile: American Beaver (Castor canadensis) Chapter Activities Literature CitedChapter SixPrinciples of Population Dynamics Key Concepts Introduction Survival Adaptations Density Factors Affecting Population Densities How Populations Grow Population Growth Rate Patterns Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Population Dynamics Effects of Supplemental Feeding on Population Dynamics Effects of Animal Damage Control Activities on Population Dynamics Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Wildlife Population Dynamics Species Profile: Tree Squirrels (Sciurus spp ) Chapter Activity Literature Cited PART IIIURBAN HABITATS AND HAZARDSChapter SevenUrban Green Spaces Key Concepts Introduction Green Spaces Remnant Habitat Patches Successional Habitat Patches Managed Habitat Patches Cemeteries Golf Courses Nature Centers Rural versus Urban Wildlife Populations Species Profile: Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Acknowledgment Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter EightUrban Gray Spaces Key Concepts Introduction Buildings, Windows, and Towers Buildings Windows Communication Towers Wind Towers Roads and Highways Animal Mortality Overpasses, Underpasses, and Escape Routes Structural Design Considerations Bridges, Birds, and Bats Landfills, Dumpsters, and Garbage Cans Organic Waste Accumulations: A Concept Unique to Urban Ecosystems Factors That Promote the Presence of Wildlife at Landfills Standards Used in Landfill Siting Types of Habitats Found in and around Landfills Human-Wildlife Conflicts at Landfills Wildlife Management at Landfills Airports Standards for Airport Siting and Zoning Types of Habitats Found in and around Airports Wildlife Species Attracted to Airport Habitats Human-Wildlife Interactions at Airports Wildlife Management Priorities at Airports Species Profile: Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) Chapter Activities Literature Cited PART IVSOCIOPOLITICAL ISSUESChapter NineHuman Dimensions in Urban Wildlife Management Key Concepts Introduction The "People Factor" Conducting Human Dimensions Research Surveying Wildlife Recreationists The Role of Human Dimensions in Urban Wildlife Management Public Participation in Wildlife-Associated Recreation Wildlife Values Quality of Life Issues Human-Wildlife Conflict Issues HD Methods for Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts Case Study : Ducks and Traffic An Urban Species of Special Concern: Urban Coyotes (Canis latrans) What Is an Urban Coyote? Range Expansion Coping with Coyotes—Management Plans Coyote Economics Coyote Control Considerations Species Profile: American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter TenWorking with Urban Stakeholders Key Concepts Inviting Everyone to the Table The Policy Life Cycle What (and Who) Is a Stakeholder? The Changing Face of Wildlife Stakeholders A Guide to Major Stakeholders Government (Public Sector) Federal Tribal Governments State and Territorial Governments Local Governments Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Academic Institutions The Public Case Study : Stakeholders Disagree on Best Approach for Managing Fallow Deer Species Profile: Black Bear (Ursus americanus) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter ElevenLegal Aspects of Urban Wildlife Management Key Concepts Wildlife Law Federal Laws The Lacey Act of The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of The Animal Damage Control Act of The Endangered Species Act of State Laws County and Municipal Laws Local Ordinances Who Is in Charge Here? Protecting the Health and Safety of All Case Study : Operation Remove Excrement Species Profile: Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) Chapter Activities Literature Cited PART VSPECIAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONSChapter TwelveThe Ecology and Management Considerations of Selected Species Key Concepts Introduction Endangered Species Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis) San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) Florida Key Deer (Odocoileu virginianus clavium) Introduced Species House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Feral Species Pigeons (Columba livia) Free-Ranging Domestic Cats (Felis catus) Free-Ranging Hogs (Sus scrofa) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter ThirteenZoonoses and Management Considerations Key Concepts What Are Zoonoses? Parasitic Diseases Protozoa Helminths Trematodes (Flukes) Cestodes (Tapeworms) Nematodes (Roundworms) Mycotic Diseases Aspergillosis Histoplasmosis Bacterial Diseases Plague Tularemia Viral Diseases Rabies Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) West Nile Virus (WNV) Prion Diseases Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Scrapie Chronic Wasting Disease Species Profile: American Robin (Turdus migratorius Linnaeus) Chapter Activities Literature Cited Chapter FourteenDistribution, Abundance, and Management Considerations of Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer Key Concepts Introduction Factors That Contributed To Geese and Deer Abundance in Urban America Extent of the Problem: A National Assessment of Human-White-Tailed Deer and CanadaGeese Conflicts Objectives and Questions Included in the National Assessment Results of the National Assessment Management Implications of the National Assessment Distribution of Resident Canada Geese and White-Tailed Deer in the Continental United States The Human Response to Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer Ecological Impacts of Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer Health and Safety Issues Related to Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer White-Tailed Deer and Lyme Disease Feasible and Acceptable Management Strategies for Overabundant Resident Canada Geese Avoiding the Problem Getting at the Root Cause Attack the Symptoms Do Nothing Summary Case Study : A Tale of Two Cities The Two Cities The Citizen Survey Questionnaire Development The Response Educational Program Development Chapter Activity Literature Cited Index

Praise for the first edition:"… this volume expertly summarizes the primary issues in urban wildlife management … I recommend this book to natural resource agencies … and to university instructors … ."—W. David Walter, Oklahoma State University, in The Journal of Wildlife Management"... the first comprehensive book on urban wildlife management. ... Hundreds of peer-reviewed articles...thoughtful … concise … ."—Jennifer Lynch, wildlife biologist, writing in Human-Wildlife Conflicts