Steve Tiesdell, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, Urban Studies, University of Glasgow David Adams, Ian Mactaggart Professor of Property and Urban Studies, University of Glasgow

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiContributors xiv1 Real Estate Development, Urban Design and the Tools Approach to Public Policy 1Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 1Real estate development 3Opportunity space theory 7The tools approach to public policy 11Shaping instruments 15Regulatory instruments 19Stimulus instruments 24Capacity-building instruments 25Developers’ decision environments 292 Masterplanning and Infrastructure in New Communities in Europe 34Nicholas FalkIntroduction 34Differences between the UK and Europe 37Challenges for sustainable development 38European success stories 43Joined-up planning in the Randstad 48Conclusion: lessons for the UK 513 Design Coding: Mediating the Tyrannies of Practice 54Matthew CarmonaIntroduction 54The three tyrannies 55From development standards to design codes 60The research findings 64Conclusion 714 Proactive Engagement in Urban Design – The Case of Chelmsford 74Tony HallIntroduction 74Making the turnaround 75The need for negotiation 79Two examples 79Reflections on the developers’ response 85Conclusion 905 Plot Logic: Character-Building Through Creative Parcelisation 92Tim Love and Christina CrawfordIntroduction 92Setting the rules 93Parcelling and subdivision strategies 94The primacy of the urban realm 96The pitfalls of flexibility 98Economic viability of low-scale, densely distributed buildings 101Alternative models 102Conclusion 1126 The Business of Codes: Urban Design Regulation in an Entrepreneurial Society 114Nicholas J. Marantz and Eran Ben-JosephIntroduction 114Zoning America 115Developing America 121Designing the American future 128Conclusion 1347 Good Design in the Redevelopment of Brownfield Sites 137Paul Syms and Andrew ClarkeIntroduction 137Redeveloping and reusing brownfield sites: the policy and regulatory context 139Stimulus instruments in practice 143Conclusion 1578 Competitions as a Component of Design-Led Development (Place) Procurement 159Steven TolsonIntroduction 159The place promoter 161The deliverer and competition participant 162The (end) place matters most 167The competition 167Conclusion 1809 Design Review – An Effective Means of Raising Design Quality? 182John PunterIntroduction 182Origins, emergence and critiques of design review internationally 183The typology of design review in England, Scotland and Wales 185National design review: the genesis of CABE’s procedures and processes 186How design review can increase the opportunity space for design 190The effectiveness of design review 193Conclusions: design review and the quality of development control 19610 ‘Business as Usual?’ – Exploring the Design Response of UK Speculative Housebuilders to the BrownfieldDevelopment Challenge 199David Adams and Sarah PayneIntroduction 199The design debate around speculative housing development 201The conventional approach to design and construction in speculative housebuilding 206Responding to the challenge of brownfield development 210Conclusion 21511 Physical-Financial Modelling as an Aid to Developers’ Decision-Making 219John Henneberry, Eckart Lange, Sarah Moore, Ed Morgan and Ning ZhaoIntroduction 219Design quality and development viability 219Visualisation and financial appraisal 225Conclusion 23312 Design Champions – Fostering a Place-Making Culture and Capacity 236Steve TiesdellIntroduction 236The UK local government context 238The design champion as change agent 239Edinburgh’s design champion initiative 244Conclusion 25213 Value Creation Through Urban Design 258Gary Hack and Lynne B. SagalynIntroduction 258Design and development projects 260Strategies for enhancing value 270Coupling urban design and development 27814 Connecting Urban Design to Real Estate Development 282Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 282Urban design and development economics 283Opportunity space and developer–designer relations 286Policy choices and policy design 291Towards a research agenda 297References 299Index 316

“David Adams has done a good job in completing the work to give a many-faceted set of insights on urban design in the broadest sense for all those involved in studying, planning and delivering the built environment.”  (Housing Studies, 2 August 2012)“This edited collection is a pragmatic book exploring various ways of increasing the likelihood that good urban design will result from the interaction of agents involved in the property development process.”  (Journal of Urban Design, 2 February 2012)

Steve Tiesdell, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, Urban Studies, University of Glasgow David Adams, Ian Mactaggart Professor of Property and Urban Studies, University of Glasgow

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiContributors xiv1 Real Estate Development, Urban Design and the Tools Approach to Public Policy 1Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 1Real estate development 3Opportunity space theory 7The tools approach to public policy 11Shaping instruments 15Regulatory instruments 19Stimulus instruments 24Capacity-building instruments 25Developers’ decision environments 292 Masterplanning and Infrastructure in New Communities in Europe 34Nicholas FalkIntroduction 34Differences between the UK and Europe 37Challenges for sustainable development 38European success stories 43Joined-up planning in the Randstad 48Conclusion: lessons for the UK 513 Design Coding: Mediating the Tyrannies of Practice 54Matthew CarmonaIntroduction 54The three tyrannies 55From development standards to design codes 60The research findings 64Conclusion 714 Proactive Engagement in Urban Design – The Case of Chelmsford 74Tony HallIntroduction 74Making the turnaround 75The need for negotiation 79Two examples 79Reflections on the developers’ response 85Conclusion 905 Plot Logic: Character-Building Through Creative Parcelisation 92Tim Love and Christina CrawfordIntroduction 92Setting the rules 93Parcelling and subdivision strategies 94The primacy of the urban realm 96The pitfalls of flexibility 98Economic viability of low-scale, densely distributed buildings 101Alternative models 102Conclusion 1126 The Business of Codes: Urban Design Regulation in an Entrepreneurial Society 114Nicholas J. Marantz and Eran Ben-JosephIntroduction 114Zoning America 115Developing America 121Designing the American future 128Conclusion 1347 Good Design in the Redevelopment of Brownfield Sites 137Paul Syms and Andrew ClarkeIntroduction 137Redeveloping and reusing brownfield sites: the policy and regulatory context 139Stimulus instruments in practice 143Conclusion 1578 Competitions as a Component of Design-Led Development (Place) Procurement 159Steven TolsonIntroduction 159The place promoter 161The deliverer and competition participant 162The (end) place matters most 167The competition 167Conclusion 1809 Design Review – An Effective Means of Raising Design Quality? 182John PunterIntroduction 182Origins, emergence and critiques of design review internationally 183The typology of design review in England, Scotland and Wales 185National design review: the genesis of CABE’s procedures and processes 186How design review can increase the opportunity space for design 190The effectiveness of design review 193Conclusions: design review and the quality of development control 19610 ‘Business as Usual?’ – Exploring the Design Response of UK Speculative Housebuilders to the BrownfieldDevelopment Challenge 199David Adams and Sarah PayneIntroduction 199The design debate around speculative housing development 201The conventional approach to design and construction in speculative housebuilding 206Responding to the challenge of brownfield development 210Conclusion 21511 Physical-Financial Modelling as an Aid to Developers’ Decision-Making 219John Henneberry, Eckart Lange, Sarah Moore, Ed Morgan and Ning ZhaoIntroduction 219Design quality and development viability 219Visualisation and financial appraisal 225Conclusion 23312 Design Champions – Fostering a Place-Making Culture and Capacity 236Steve TiesdellIntroduction 236The UK local government context 238The design champion as change agent 239Edinburgh’s design champion initiative 244Conclusion 25213 Value Creation Through Urban Design 258Gary Hack and Lynne B. SagalynIntroduction 258Design and development projects 260Strategies for enhancing value 270Coupling urban design and development 27814 Connecting Urban Design to Real Estate Development 282Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 282Urban design and development economics 283Opportunity space and developer–designer relations 286Policy choices and policy design 291Towards a research agenda 297References 299Index 316

“David Adams has done a good job in completing the work to give a many-faceted set of insights on urban design in the broadest sense for all those involved in studying, planning and delivering the built environment.”  (Housing Studies, 2 August 2012)“This edited collection is a pragmatic book exploring various ways of increasing the likelihood that good urban design will result from the interaction of agents involved in the property development process.”  (Journal of Urban Design, 2 February 2012)

Steve Tiesdell, Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, Urban Studies, University of Glasgow David Adams, Ian Mactaggart Professor of Property and Urban Studies, University of Glasgow

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiContributors xiv1 Real Estate Development, Urban Design and the Tools Approach to Public Policy 1Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 1Real estate development 3Opportunity space theory 7The tools approach to public policy 11Shaping instruments 15Regulatory instruments 19Stimulus instruments 24Capacity-building instruments 25Developers’ decision environments 292 Masterplanning and Infrastructure in New Communities in Europe 34Nicholas FalkIntroduction 34Differences between the UK and Europe 37Challenges for sustainable development 38European success stories 43Joined-up planning in the Randstad 48Conclusion: lessons for the UK 513 Design Coding: Mediating the Tyrannies of Practice 54Matthew CarmonaIntroduction 54The three tyrannies 55From development standards to design codes 60The research findings 64Conclusion 714 Proactive Engagement in Urban Design – The Case of Chelmsford 74Tony HallIntroduction 74Making the turnaround 75The need for negotiation 79Two examples 79Reflections on the developers’ response 85Conclusion 905 Plot Logic: Character-Building Through Creative Parcelisation 92Tim Love and Christina CrawfordIntroduction 92Setting the rules 93Parcelling and subdivision strategies 94The primacy of the urban realm 96The pitfalls of flexibility 98Economic viability of low-scale, densely distributed buildings 101Alternative models 102Conclusion 1126 The Business of Codes: Urban Design Regulation in an Entrepreneurial Society 114Nicholas J. Marantz and Eran Ben-JosephIntroduction 114Zoning America 115Developing America 121Designing the American future 128Conclusion 1347 Good Design in the Redevelopment of Brownfield Sites 137Paul Syms and Andrew ClarkeIntroduction 137Redeveloping and reusing brownfield sites: the policy and regulatory context 139Stimulus instruments in practice 143Conclusion 1578 Competitions as a Component of Design-Led Development (Place) Procurement 159Steven TolsonIntroduction 159The place promoter 161The deliverer and competition participant 162The (end) place matters most 167The competition 167Conclusion 1809 Design Review – An Effective Means of Raising Design Quality? 182John PunterIntroduction 182Origins, emergence and critiques of design review internationally 183The typology of design review in England, Scotland and Wales 185National design review: the genesis of CABE’s procedures and processes 186How design review can increase the opportunity space for design 190The effectiveness of design review 193Conclusions: design review and the quality of development control 19610 ‘Business as Usual?’ – Exploring the Design Response of UK Speculative Housebuilders to the BrownfieldDevelopment Challenge 199David Adams and Sarah PayneIntroduction 199The design debate around speculative housing development 201The conventional approach to design and construction in speculative housebuilding 206Responding to the challenge of brownfield development 210Conclusion 21511 Physical-Financial Modelling as an Aid to Developers’ Decision-Making 219John Henneberry, Eckart Lange, Sarah Moore, Ed Morgan and Ning ZhaoIntroduction 219Design quality and development viability 219Visualisation and financial appraisal 225Conclusion 23312 Design Champions – Fostering a Place-Making Culture and Capacity 236Steve TiesdellIntroduction 236The UK local government context 238The design champion as change agent 239Edinburgh’s design champion initiative 244Conclusion 25213 Value Creation Through Urban Design 258Gary Hack and Lynne B. SagalynIntroduction 258Design and development projects 260Strategies for enhancing value 270Coupling urban design and development 27814 Connecting Urban Design to Real Estate Development 282Steve Tiesdell and David AdamsIntroduction 282Urban design and development economics 283Opportunity space and developer–designer relations 286Policy choices and policy design 291Towards a research agenda 297References 299Index 316

“David Adams has done a good job in completing the work to give a many-faceted set of insights on urban design in the broadest sense for all those involved in studying, planning and delivering the built environment.”  (Housing Studies, 2 August 2012)“This edited collection is a pragmatic book exploring various ways of increasing the likelihood that good urban design will result from the interaction of agents involved in the property development process.”  (Journal of Urban Design, 2 February 2012)