Understanding Emotions, EMEA Edition

Häftad, Engelska, 2019

AvDacher Keltner,Keith Oatley,Jennifer M. Jenkins

789 kr

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Emotions are an inescapable part of the human experience. They motivate actions and reactions, guide our interpersonal and business relationships, inspire political and societal trends, and influence our sense of self and well-being. Emphasizing the broad practical reach of this field of study, Understanding Emotions draws from neuroscience, psychiatry, biology, genetics, the humanities, economics, and more to provide a strong foundation in core concepts. An easy-to-follow narrative arc encompasses the entire life span, while representative studies provide immediate insight into the real-world implications of important findings.This new Fourth Edition continues to provide clear and concise guidance toward the factors that drive emotion, with new, revised, and expanded discussions that reflect the current state of the field. Detailed coverage of social and anti-social motivations, moral judgment, empathy, psychological disorders, the physiological components of emotion, and many more equip students with the conceptual tools to probe deeper into the material and apply methods and techniques to their own personal lives.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-10-11
Mått10 x 10 x 10 mm
Vikt454 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor544
Upplaga4
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119657583

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Figures xviiTables xxvPreface xxviiAcknowledgments xxxiPart I Perspectives on Emotions 11 Approaches to Understanding Emotions 3Introduction 4What is an Emotion? First Ideas 5Nineteenth-Century Founders 6Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach 6William James: The Bodily Approach 10Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach 10Philosophical and Literary Approaches 12Aristotle and the Ethics of Emotions 12René Descartes: Philosophically Speaking 15George Eliot: The World of the Arts 17Brain Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology 18John Harlow, Tania Singer: Toward a Brain Science of Emotion 19Magda Arnold, Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories 22Erving Goffman, Arlie Russell Hochschild, and Lila Abu-Lughod: Emotions as Moral Dramas Involving Selves and Others 24Empirical Inspirations for a New Science of Emotion 26What is an Emotion? A Framework 28The Emotional Realm: Emotions—Moods—Dispositions 29Episodes of Emotion 30Moods and Sentiments 30Emotional Disorders 30Personality and Temperament 30Summary 31To Think About and Discuss 31Further Reading 312 Evolution of Emotions 32Elements of an Evolutionary Approach 33Selection Pressures 33Adaptation 35Natural Design for Gene Replication 37An Evolutionary History of Human Emotions 41Insights from Modern Hunter-Gatherers 41Insights from Nonhuman Primates 43Human Ancestry 47Evolution of Symbolic Representation and Language 49Emotions as Bases of Human Relationships 51Emotions That Promote Attachment 52Emotions and Negotiation of Social Hierarchy 54Emotions, Affiliation, and Friendship 54Collective Emotion and Preference for In-Groups 55Summary 57To Think About and Discuss 57Further Reading 583 Cultural Understandings of Emotions 59An Island Society 60Two Emotional Events 60Three Principles: Emotions as Interpersonal, Active, and Value-based 61Cross-cultural Approaches to Emotion 62Identity 62Independent and Interdependent Selves 63Knowledge Structures 65Values 67The Construction of Emotions in the West 69The Coming of Civilization to Medieval Societies 69Has Violence Declined Over Time? 71The Romantic Era 73Sexual Love in the West 75Falling in Love: Emotion as a Role 75Women and Men: Different Cultures? 78Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches 78Summary 80To Think About and Discuss 81Further Reading 81Part II Elements of Emotions 834 Communication of Emotions 85Five Kinds of Nonverbal Behavior 88Facial Expressions of Emotion 91Darwin’s Observations and Theoretical Analysis 91Early Evidence of the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion 93Critiques of the Ekman and Friesen Studies 95Discovering New Facial Expressions of Emotion 96Inference and Context in Emotion Recognition 99Vocal Communication of Emotion 102The Communication of Emotions with the Voice 104Tactile Communication of Emotion 107Four Functions of Touch 107Communicating Emotions with Touch 108Emotional Expression and the Coordination of Social Interaction 109Cultural Variation in Emotional Expression 111Cultural Variation in Expressive Behavior 111Cultural Variation in the Interpretation of Emotional Expression 112Communication of Emotion in Art 113Four Hypotheses from the Idea of Romanticism 114Aesthetic Emotions in the Natyasastra 115Summary 117To Think About and Discuss 118Further Reading 1185 Bodily Changes and Emotions 119Early Theorizing About Emotion and Bodily Changes 120Emotion and the Autonomic Nervous System 122Directed Facial Action and Physiological Differentiation of Negative Emotion 123Autonomic Response and Positive Emotion 125Vagal Tone and Compassion 126The Blush 126The Chills 128Emotion and the Neuroendocrine System 130The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis 130Emotion and the Immune System 132The Inflammation Response 132Bodily Changes and Emotional Experience 134Representations of Emotions in the Body 135Interoception 137Embodiment, Cognition, and Social Interaction 138Gut Feelings and Decision Making 140Embodied Empathy 141Summary 142To Think About and Discuss 142Further Reading 1426 Appraisal, Experience, Regulation 143Appraisal and Emotion 144Historical Background and Concepts 144Primary Appraisals, Good and Bad 145Which is Stronger, Good or Bad? 147Secondary Appraisals 148Discrete Approaches 148Dimensional Approaches 149Extending Appraisal Research: Tests of Theories and Patterns of Variation 152A Third Phase of Appraisal: Verbal Sharing 154Words and Concepts 155The Emotion Lexicon 155Conceptualization of Emotion 156Emotion Metaphors 156Prototypes 157Variations in Emotion Lexicon 158Emotional Experience 160The Perspective That Emotions are Discrete 161The Perspective That Emotions are Constructed 162Comparing Perspectives 163Regulation of Emotions 164Distraction, Reappraisal, Suppression 165Summary 168To Think About and Discuss 168Further Reading 1687 Brain Mechanisms and Emotion 169Historical Approaches to the Neuroscience of Emotion 170Early Research on Brain Lesions and Stimulation 174The Limbic System 174Emotion Systems in the Mammalian Brain 175A Framework from Affective Neuroscience 177Emotion-Related Appraisals and Subcortical Processes in the Brain 177Appraisals of Novelty and Concern Relevance: The Amygdala 178Appraisals of Possible Rewards: The Nucleus Accumbens 180Appraisals of Pain, Threat, and Harm: The Periaqueductal Gray 182Bodily Awareness and Subjective Feeling: The Anterior Insular Cortex 183From Conceptualization to Empathic Understanding: Cortical Processes in the Brain 184Learning Associations Between Events and Rewards: The Orbitofrontal Cortex 184Emotion Conceptualization: The Prefrontal Cortex 185Emotion Regulation: Regions of the Prefrontal Cortex 188Empathy and the Cortex 189Social Pain and the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Anterior Insular Cortex 190The Search for Emotion-Specific Patterns of Brain Activation 192Distinct Emotions are Constructed in the Cortex 192Emotions Engage Discrete Patterns of Brain Activation 192Summary 195To Think About and Discuss 195Further Reading 195Part III Emotions and Social Life 1978 Development of Emotions in Childhood 199Theories of Emotional Development 201Emotional Expression 202The Developmental Emergence of Emotions 202Social Emotions: 18 Months and Beyond 206Developments in Language and the Understanding of Other Minds 209Recognition of Emotions 210Facial Expressions 211Vocal Expressions 213Postures and Gestures 213Multimodal Recognition of Emotions 214Brain Mechanisms in Infants’ Recognition of Emotions 216The Negativity Bias 216Regulation of Emotions 218Regulatory Processes 219Neurobiological Development of Emotion Regulation 220Temperament 222Biological Contributions to Temperament 224Summary 227To Think About and Discuss 227Further Reading 2279 Emotions in Social Relationships 228Emotions Within Intimate Relationships 230Principles of Sexual Love 231Emotions in Marriage 234Emotions in Friendships 237Gratitude 238Emotional Mimicry 239Social Support 240Emotions in Hierarchical Relationships 241Emotional Displays and the Negotiation of Social Rank 242Power and Emotion 244Social Class and Emotion 245Emotion and Group Dynamics 247Group and Collective Emotions 248Group and Collective Emotion and Between-Group Conflict 250Infrahumanization 251Emotional Processes That Improve Group Relations 251Emotional Intelligence 252Summary 252To Think About and Discuss 253Further Reading 25310 Emotions and Thinking 254Passion and Reason 255Emotions Prioritize Thoughts, Goals, and Actions 256Emotion and Mood in Economic Behavior 259The Ultimatum Game 259Classical Economics 259Affect Infusion, and Affect as Information 260Styles of Processing 263Effects of Moods and Emotions on Cognitive Functioning 264Perceptual Effects 264Attentional Effects 265Effects on Remembering 266Emotion-Related Biases in Memory 267Eyewitness Testimony 268Persuasion 269Morality 269Intuitions and Principles 269Cooperation 272Emotions and the Law 273Obligations of Society 273Dispassionate Judgments? 274Summary 275To Think About and Discuss 276Further Reading 276Part IV Emotions and the Individual 27711 Individual Differences in Emotionality 279Emotionality Over the Life Span 280Continuities in Emotionality from Childhood to Adulthood 280From Temperament to Personality 282Individual Differences in Emotion Shape How We Construe the World 283Age-Related Changes in Temperament and Personality 284Propensities in Emotionality That Shape the Relational Environment 285Emotionality Moderates Environmental Risk 286Attachment and Emotionality 287What is Attachment? 287Attachment Status and Emotional Outcomes 288Parental Sensitivity and Shared Thinking 289From Parent Attachment to Child Attachment 290The Role of Environmental Risk in Children’s Attachment Relationships 291Genetic Influences on Attachment 291Parental Behaviors Beyond Attachment 292Biobehavioral Synchronization 292Parental Mentalization and Reflective Capacity 292Talk About Emotions 293Parental Socialization of Emotion 295Beyond Parenting: Influences of Siblings, Peers, and the Broader Social Context 299Siblings 300Peers 301Broader Social Context 302Programs That Optimize Emotional Development 303Summary 306To Think About and Discuss 307Further Reading 30712 Psychopathology of Emotions in Childhood 308Emotions and Psychopathology 309The Case of Peter 309Conceptualizing Childhood Disorders: Categories versus Dimensions 309How are Emotions Involved in Children’s Psychopathology? 310Are Emotions Abnormal in Psychopathology? 311Prevalence of Psychopathology in Childhood 312Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology 312Comorbidity, Heterogeneity, and the "p" Factor 313The Relationship Between Risk Factors and Psychopathology 314People, Contexts, and the Multilevel Environment 314Risk and Resilience: The Combination of Risk and Protective Factors 315Risk Factors 318Biological Risk Factors 318Proximal Risk Factors 322Distal Risk Factors 326Trajectories of Disorders 328Homotypic and Heterotypic Continuity 329Trajectories of Externalizing Problems 329Trajectories of Internalizing Disorders 331Interventions for Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 332Summary 335To Think About and Discuss 335Further Reading 33613 Emotional Disorders in Adulthood 337Depression and Anxiety 338Psychiatric Disorders: Symptoms and Prevalence 338Psychiatric Epidemiology 338Kinds of Depression and Anxiety 340How Disorders are Caused 343Genetics 343Environment 344Life Events and Difficulties 346Gene–Environment Interactions 349Emotional Predispositions and Emotional Disorders 350Vulnerability Factors 353Social Support 353Early Experience 353Recurrence, Recovery, and Prolongation of Disorders 354Recurrence 355Recovery and Fresh Starts 356Prolongation 356Cognitive Biases in Anxiety and Other Emotional Disorders 357Neurophysiology of Depression and Anxiety 358Antidepressant Drugs 359Beyond Depression and Anxiety 360Psychopathic People in Society 360Schizophrenia, Emotion, Expressed Emotion in Relatives 361Psychosomatic Effects 362Summary 363To Think About and Discuss 363Further Reading 36314 A Meaningful Life 364A Significant Event 365Meaning in Life 365Cooperation 366Happiness 366Relatedness 368Satisfaction 369Well-Being 370Psychological Therapy with Others and by Oneself 372Psychoanalysis: Unconscious Schemas of Relating 374Rogerian Counseling: Empathetic Support 376Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Thought 376Emotion-Focused Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Emotions 377Outcomes of Psychotherapy 378Psychotherapy Without Therapists 381Mindfulness, Ancient and Modern 382Consciously Making Sense of Emotions 384Emotions in Literature 386Emotion and Free Will 387Emotion and Meaning in the Social World 389Summary 390To Think About and Discuss 390Further Reading 390References 391Author Index 485Subject Index 501