Understanding, Assessing, and Responding to Terrorism

BRIAN T. BENNETT, PHD, has more than 30 years of experience in the chemical manufacturing industry dealing with health and safety, emergency response, and security/counter-terrorism. He was Chair of the New Jersey Domestic Security Task Force Infrastructure Advisory Committee for the chemical sector for four years. Dr. Bennett is a certified Firefighter, Fire Officer, Fire Inspector, Fire Instructor, Hazardous Materials Specialist, and Weapons of Mass Destruction Technician. Dr. Bennett holds certifications as an instructor in firefighting, emergency medical, hazardous materials, technical rescue, weapons of mass destruction, and counter-terrorism topics. Dr. Bennett has attained many professional certifications, including Certified Safety Professional (CSP), Certified Hazardous Materials Manager (CHMM), Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS), Registered Environmental Professional (REP), and Certified in Homeland Security (CHS-IV).

• Preface xiii1 The Terrorist Threat 11.1 What Is Terrorism? 11.2 The History of Terrorism 11.3 The Motivation for Terrorism 21.4 Can the Use of Terrorism be Justified? 31.5 The Role of Media in Terrorism 31.6 The Role of Social Media in Terrorism 41.7 Encryption 41.8 Civil Liberty and Terrorism 51.9 Terrorism Statistics 51.10 Purpose of Terrorism 81.11 Goals of Terrorism 81.12 Case Study: Economic Effects of a Terrorist Attack 91.13 Objectives of Terrorism 91.14 The Terrorism Challenge 101.15 The Evolution of Terrorism 101.16 Terrorist Tactics 101.17 Difference between Terrorism and Insurgency 101.18 The Difference between a Terrorist Attack, a Criminal Event, and Suspicious Activity 111.19 Case Study: Crime versus Terrorism 121.20 Common Terms in Terrorism 121.21 Types of Terrorist Organizations 141.22 International Terrorism 161.23 Examples of International Terrorist Groups 181.24 Recent International Terrorist Attacks 251.25 Domestic Terrorism 301.26 Examples of Domestic Terrorist Groups 321.27 Recent Domestic Terrorist Attacks 33References 35Questions 35Project 352 Critical Infrastructure 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Evolution of the Definition of Critical Infrastructure 372.3 Current Definition of Critical Infrastructure 402.4 Definition of Key Resources 412.5 Definition of Key Assets 412.6 Discussion of Critical Infrastructure 422.7 Soft Targets 492.8 Hard Targets 492.9 Cascading Effects from Interdependencies of Critical Infrastructures 502.10 Coordination of Critical Infrastructure Protection 512.11 Selection of Critical Infrastructure, Key Resources, and Key Assets 532.12 Identification and Selection of Soft Targets by a Jurisdiction 542.13 Target Attractiveness 542.14 Inventorying and Prioritizing Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources/Key Assets/ Soft Targets 55References 64Questions 65Project 65Appendix 2.1 Executive Order 13010 by President William J. Clinton 65Appendix 2.2 Presidential Decision Directive 63 by President William J. Clinton 67Annex A: Structure and Organization 71Annex B: Additional Taskings 73Appendix 2.3 Executive Order 13228 by President George W. Bush 75Appendix 2.4 Executive Order 13231 by President George W. Bush 79Appendix 2.5 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 by President George W. Bush 85Appendix 2.6 Presidential Policy Directive 21 by President Barack Obama 903 Types of Terrorist Attacks 993.1 Introduction 993.2 Types of Destructive Events 993.3 Who Can Execute an Attack? 1003.4 Ways in Which a Critical Asset May Be Attacked 1013.5 Target Selection 1033.6 Identifying Lucrative Targets 1043.7 Characteristics of a Terrorist Attack 1063.8 Results of a Successful Terrorist Attack 1063.9 Terrorist Tactics 1073.10 Case Study of a Terrorist Attack 1193.11 The Interrupted Terrorist Plots 120References 120Questions 121Project 121Appendix 3.1 Executive Order 13636 by President Barack Obama Executive Order 13636 of February 12, 2013 121Appendix 3.2 Presidential Policy Directive 21 by President Barack Obama 126Appendix 3.3 Presidential Policy Directive 41 by Barack Obama 1334 Weapons of Mass Destruction 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 History of Weapons of Mass Destruction 1384.3 Why Use a Weapon of Mass Destruction? 1394.4 Limitations of the Use of Weapon of Mass Destruction Materials 1394.5 Indicators of a Possible Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 1404.6 Results of a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 1404.7 How a Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Agent Can Enter the Body 1404.8 Effectiveness of a Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attack 1414.9 Obtaining a Weapon of Mass Destruction 1424.10 Questions about Weapons of Mass Destruction 1424.11 Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction 1434.12 Other Weapons Used by Terrorists 1784.13 Weaponization of Chemical and Biological Agents 179References 184Questions 184Project 1855 The Terrorist’s Preparation for an Attack 1875.1 General 1875.2 Target Considerations 1875.3 The Terrorist’s Investment 1875.4 Example of Terrorist Financing 1885.5 Eight Indicators of Terrorism 1895.6 Raising Suspicion 2005.7 Summary of Attack Process 200References 201Questions 201Project 2016 Risk and Threat Assessment 2036.1 Introduction 2036.2 Definitions 2036.3 The Risk of Attack 2036.4 Risk 2046.5 Risk Management 2126.6 Risk Assessment and Management Approach 2166.7 Probability of Attack Occurrence 2216.8 Consequences of a Successful Attack 2226.9 The CARVER Assessment Tool 2226.10 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide (THIRA) 225References 233Questions 233Project 233Appendix 6.1 Presidential Policy Directive 8 by President Barack Obama 2337 The Security Vulnerability Analysis 2377.1 Introduction 2377.2 What is a Security Vulnerability Analysis? 2377.3 The Purpose of a Security Vulnerability Analysis 2387.4 Preparing to Conduct a Security Vulnerability Analysis 2407.5 The Security Vulnerability Analysis Process 2407.6 Administrative Functions in the Security Vulnerability Analysis Process 2467.7 Risk Assessment 2487.8 Preparing to Conduct a Threat and Risk Analysis 2497.9 The Buffer Zone Protection Plan 2547.10 The CARVER Target Analysis Tool 255Reference 257Questions 257Project 2578 Principles of Protective Security 2598.1 Introduction 2598.2 Prevention 2598.3 Information Collection 2608.4 Information Sharing 2608.5 Risk Mitigation 2628.6 Cost–Benefit Analysis 2628.7 Situational Awareness 2638.8 Security 2648.9 Suspicious Activity 2688.10 What Can Be Done to Protect People and Facilities 2708.11 Conclusion 2778.12 References 278Questions 278Project 2789 Effective Security Countermeasures 2799.1 Introduction 2799.2 Counterterrorism Policy: National Security Strategy 2799.3 Hardening and Strengthening 2809.4 What Are Security Countermeasures? 2819.5 Management of Change 2859.6 Risk Management 2859.7 Critical Asset Resiliency 2859.8 Critical Infrastructure Protection 2889.9 Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks 2899.10 All Hazards Protection 2919.11 Cost–Benefit Analysis 2919.12 Information Sharing and Analysis Centers 2919.13 Private Sector’s Responsibility 2919.14 Protecting Critical Infrastructure, Key Resources, and Key Assets 2929.15 Standoff Distance 3039.16 Response to an Active Shooter 3039.17 Preparing for Attacks on Transportation 3069.18 Administrative Security Enhancements 3069.19 Recommendations for Enhanced Security Through Various ISACs 320References 326Questions 327Project 327Appendix 9.1 Directive on National Continuity Policy, NSPD 51/HSPD 20, by President George W. Bush 327Appendix 9.2 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 by President George W. Bush 33110 General Emergency Response Considerations 33510.1 Introduction 33510.2 Definition of First Responder 33510.3 Emergency Response Plans 33510.4 Pre-incident Planning 33710.5 Drills and Exercises 33810.6 Emergency Response Priorities 34110.7 Operational Risk Management 34210.8 Situational Awareness 34410.9 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 34410.10 The Incident Command System 34710.11 Determining Potential Outcomes 35310.12 Approving the Level of Personal Protective Equipment 35410.13 Developing a Plan of Action 35610.14 Components of the Incident Command System 35910.15 Media Relations 36610.16 Evaluating Progress of the Plan of Action 36810.17 Terminating the Incident 36810.18 Critical Incident Stress 37010.19 Family Preparedness 371References 371Questions 271Project 271Appendix 10.1 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 by President George W. Bush 372Appendix 10.2 Incident Command System Form 208 37611 Emergency Response to a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 37911.1 Introduction 37911.2 Use of a Weapon of Mass Destruction 37911.3 The Emergency Scene as a Crime Scene 37911.4 Size Up 38111.5 The Secondary Device 38111.6 Evacuation of Personnel in a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 38211.7 Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Agents 38411.8 Emergency Response Actions at the Scene of a Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident 384References 411Questions 411Project 41112 Homeland Security Laws, Regulations, and Standards 41312.1 What Is Homeland Security? 41312.2 2002 National Strategy for Homeland Security 41312.3 The 2007 National Strategy for Homeland Security 42112.4 Office of Homeland Security 42312.5 The Department of Homeland Security 42312.6 The Transportation Security Administration 42612.7 The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards 42712.8 The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards of 2014 42812.9 Chemical Terrorism Vulnerability Information 42812.10 cvi Authorized User Training 43012.11 Protected Critical Infrastructure Information Program 43012.12 Chemical Security Assessment Tool 43212.13 CFATS Top Screen 43212.14 Enhanced CFATS Tiering Methodology 43312.15 Security Vulnerability Assessment 43512.16 Site Security Plan/Alternative Security Plan 43512.17 CFATS Facility Inspections 43712.18 CFATS Ongoing Compliance 43812.19 Regional Resiliency Assessment Program 43812.20 Maritime Transportation Security Act 43912.21 US Coast Guard Maritime Security Levels 44312.22 Transportation Worker Identification Credential 444References 444Questions 445Project 445Appendix 12.1 Authorizing Statute for the Chemical Facility Anti-terrorism Standards Regulations (6 CFR Part 27) 445Appendix 12.2 CFATS Appendix A, List of COI, and STQ 447Appendix 12.3 CFATS Act of 2014 463Appendix 12.4 US Coast Guard Facility Vulnerability and Security Measures Summary 477Index 481