Understanding Abnormal Child Psychology

Vicky Phares is a professor of psychology at the University of South Florida. Her research looks at a variety of issues related to child, adolescent, and family functioning with particular interest in exploring the connections between psychopathology in fathers, mothers, and children, and on gender in relation to parenting, particularly as relates to anxious youth. Projects include the exploration of fathers' and mothers' involvement in therapy, mother-blaming, and racial/ethnic differences and similarities in families. She is currently exploring connections between parents' and children's prosocial behavior, with a specific focus on volunteerism.

• Preface xixAcknowledgments xxv1 Conceptualizations of Normality and Abnormality in Children and Adolescents 1Normality and Abnormality in Children and Adolescents 1History of Understanding Abnormal Child Behavior 4More Recent Diagnostic Classifi cation Systems 8Reliability and Validity of Diagnostic Categories 13Children in the School System 14Disorders in the Future of DSM 17Advantages and Disadvantages of the DSM-5 19Diff erences between Categorical and Dimensional Understanding of Behavior 21Prevalence of Children’s and Adolescents’ Problem Behavior 25Epidemiological Rates Based on the Categorical Approach 25Epidemiological Rates Based on the Dimensional Approach 28How Children’s Environments Infl uence Their Behavior 30Diff erent Perspectives on Problems 32Troubled Families Rather Than Troubled Children 33Summary and Key Concepts 34Key Terms 36Study Questions 36Suggested Readings 36Suggested Viewings 372 Theories of Normality and Abnormality in Children and Adolescents 38The Importance of Theory 41Psychodynamic Theory 42Genetic and Biological Theories of Developmental Psychopathology 46Behavioral Genetics 50Behavioral Theories and Developmental Psychopathology 51Cognitive Behavioral Theories and Developmental Psychopathology 52Theories of Family Functioning and Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents 54The Influence of Social Context on the Development and Maintenance of Problem Behavior 56The Overarching Theory of Developmental Psychopathology 62Summary and Key Concepts 65Key Terms 67Study Questions 67Suggested Readings 67Suggested Viewings 683 Research Methods in the Study of Developmental Psychopathology 69Research Methodologies That Are Utilized in the Study of Developmental Psychopathology 72Experimental Designs 72Quasi-Experimental Designs 74Correlational Designs 75Case Studies and Single-Subject Designs 75High-Risk Designs 77Behavioral Genetics Designs 77Time Frame of the Research Study 78Cross-Sectional Research 78Prospective Longitudinal Research 79Accelerated Longitudinal Research 81The Actual Process of Research 81Choosing a Research Topic and Identifying Hypotheses 82Choosing a Sample 83Choosing Psychometrically Sound Measures 84Collecting Data 84Data Analyses 86Writing Up, Presenting, and Publishing the Results 87Continuing the Research Process 88Choosing Appropriate Samples of Participants 89Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research 92Areas in Need of Further Study in Developmental Psychopathology 92Ethics of Conducting Research 93Summary and Key Concepts 96Key Terms 98Study Questions 98Suggested Readings 98Suggested Viewings 984 Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions with Children, Adolescents, and Families 99Assessments 99Multiaxial Assessment of Children and Adolescents 102Interviews with Children and Their Parents 102Unstructured Interviews 103Semistructured Interviews 104Structured Interviews 107Behavioral Assessment 107Behavioral Observation 108Functional Assessment 108Self-Monitoring 109Checklists and Rating Scales 110Broad Measures 110Measures of Competence and Adaptive Functioning 114Personality Assessment 115Personality Inventories 115Projective Measures 116Family Assessment 116Assessing Intellectual Functioning and Academic Achievement 119Educational Assessment 121Neuropsychological Assessment 122Therapeutic Interventions 123Settings Where Interventions Are Conducted 124Psychodynamic Therapies 126Behavioral Therapies 128Child-Oriented Interventions 128Parent-Oriented Interventions 128Cognitive Behavioral Therapies 131Family Systems Therapies 132Psychopharmacological Interventions 135Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions 139Prevention Programs that Work 142Professional Ethics in Assessment and Interventions 146Competence 146Multiple Relationships 147Informed Consent 148Confidentiality 149Summary and Key Concepts 151Key Terms 154Study Questions 154Suggested Readings 154Suggested Viewings 1555 Risk Factors and Issues of Prevention 156Temperament 157Attachment 158Genetic Predisposition 159Parental Psychopathology 160Parental Loss due to Death 162Interparental Conflict 163Child Physical Abuse 166Child Sexual Abuse 169Child Psychological Maltreatment 173Inadequate Educational Resources 175Poverty and Low Socioeconomic Status 177Violence within the Community 180Cumulative Risk Exposure 183Summary and Key Concepts 184Key Terms 185Study Questions 185Suggested Readings 186Suggested Viewings 1866 Protective Factors and Issues of Prevention 187Characteristics within the Child 188Adaptable Temperament 188Effective Emotional and Behavioral Regulation Strategies 190Good Cognitive Abilities 191Positive View of Self (Self-Confidence High Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy) 191Other Protective Characteristics within the Child 193Characteristics within the Family 193Stable and Supportive Home Environment 194Faith and Religious Affiliations 198Other Protective Characteristics within the Family 199Characteristics within the Community 200Connections to Caring Adult Mentors and Prosocial Peers 200High Neighborhood Quality 202Effective Schools 202Other Protective Factors within the Community 205Characteristics within the Culture or Society 205Summary and Key Concepts 206Key Terms 207Study Questions 207Suggested Readings 208Suggested Viewings 2087 Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, and Related Problems 209Anaclitic Depression and Failure to Thrive in Infancy 209Masked Depression 210Major Depressive Disorder 210Prevalence Rates 213Comorbidity 216Course of the Disorder 217Etiology 218Treatment 222Prevention 226Child and Adolescent Suicide 228Bipolar Disorder 235Depression Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 240Risk Factors 242Protective Factors 244Summary and Key Concepts 246Key Terms 247Study Questions 248Suggested Readings 248Suggested Viewings 2488 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders and Problems 249Separation Anxiety Disorder 251Prevalence Rates 253Selective Mutism 253Prevalence Rates 253Specific Phobia 254Prevalence Rates 256Social Anxiety Disorder 257Prevalence Rates 258Generalized Anxiety Disorder 259Prevalence Rates 259Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 260Prevalence Rates 262Hoarding Disorder 263Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 265Prevalence Rates 267Adjustment Disorder 267All Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 268Comorbidity 269Course of the Disorder 269Etiology 270Treatment 274Prevention 279Anxiety Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 282Risk Factors 283Protective Factors 284Summary and Key Concepts 285Key Terms 287Study Questions 287Suggested Readings 287Suggested Viewings 2879 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Related Problems 288Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 288Prevalence Rates 294Comorbidity 298Course of the Disorder 302Etiology 304Treatment 309Prevention 318Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 319Risk Factors 319Protective Factors 322Summary and Key Concepts 322Key Terms 323Study Questions 323Suggested Readings 323Suggested Viewings 32410 Disruptive and Conduct Disorders and Related Problems 325Oppositional Defiant Disorder 325Prevalence Rates 328Conduct Disorder 329Prevalence Rates 332Antisocial Personality Disorder 333Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder 334Comorbidity 335Courses of the Disorders 336Etiology 339Treatment 344Prevention 349Oppositional Problems and Conduct Problems Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 351Risk Factors 352Protective Factors 354Summary and Key Concepts 355Key Terms 356Study Questions 356Suggested Readings 357Suggested Viewings 35711 Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders and Problems 358Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders 358Prevalence Rates 361Comorbidity 365Course of the Disorder 366Etiology 367Treatment 371Prevention 376Alcohol and Substance Use Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 379Risk Factors 381Protective Factors 384Nicotine 385Summary and Key Concepts 387Key Terms 388Study Questions 388Suggested Readings 388Suggested Viewings 38812 Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia 389Autism Spectrum Disorder 389Prevalence Rates 395Comorbidity 396Course of the Disorder 398Etiology 401Treatment 402Prevention 405Autism Spectrum Disorder Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 406Risk Factors 407Protective Factors 407Schizophrenia 408Prevalence Rates 409Comorbidity 409Course of the Disorder 410Etiology 410Treatment 412Prevention 413Schizophrenia Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 414Risk Factors 414Protective Factors 415Summary and Key Concepts 415Key Terms 416Study Questions 416Suggested Readings 417Suggested Viewings 41713 Specific Learning Disorders and Intellectual Disability 418Specific Learning Disorders 419Prevalence Rates 422Comorbidity 424Course of the Disorder 426Etiology 427Treatment 430Prevention 434Specific Learning Disorders and Learning Problems Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 435Risk Factors 436Protective Factors 437Intellectual Disability 441Prevalence Rates 444Comorbidity 445Course of the Disorder 447Etiology 449Treatment 451Prevention 452Intellectual Disability Conceptualized in a Dimensional Manner 454Risk Factors 455Protective Factors 455Summary and Key Concepts 456Key Terms 457Study Questions 457Suggested Readings 458Suggested Viewings 45814 Pediatric Psychology and Health Psychology for Children and Adolescents 459Pediatric Psychology 459Eating Disorders and Obesity 461Anorexia Nervosa 462Bulimia Nervosa 463Comorbidity of Eating Disorders 465Course of the Disorders 466Etiology of Eating Disorders 466Treatment of Eating Disorders 467Prevention of Eating Disorders 468Dimensional Conceptualizations of Body Image Problems 469Obesity 470Elimination Disorders 475Enuresis 475Encopresis 478Dimensional Conceptualizations of Elimination Disorders 480Chronic Illness in Children and Children’s Well-Being 480Juvenile-Onset Diabetes 481Sickle Cell Disease 482Childhood Cancer 484HIV/AIDS in Children and Adolescents 486Chronic Illness in Parents and Children’s Well-Being 489Parental Cancer 489Parental HIV/AIDS 490Treatment Issues in Pediatric Psychology 491Prevention Issues in Pediatric Psychology 492Summary and Key Concepts 494Key Terms 495Study Questions 495Suggested Readings 496Suggested Viewings 49615 Ways to Help Children 497How Nonprofessionals and Paraprofessionals Can Help Children 497Transitioning from a Paraprofessional to a Professional 500How Having a Career in Psychology Can Help Children 502Ph.D. or Master’s in Clinical Psychology 503Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology 510Ph.D. in Experimental Psychopathology 511Ph.D. Ed.D. or Master’s in Counseling Psychology 511Ph.D. or Master’s in Developmental Psychology 512How Having a Career in Social Work Can Help Children 512Bachelor’s of Social Work 512Master’s of Social Work 513Doctorate of Social Work 513How Having a Career in Education Can Help Children 513Teachers 513Special Education Teachers 514Guidance Counselors 514School Psychologists and Educational Specialists 514Other Professionals 515How Having a Career in Medicine Can Help Children 515Psychiatric Nurses 515Psychiatrists 516Developmental Pediatricians 517Other Professionals 518How Having a Career in the Judicial Justice System Can Help Children 519School Resource Officers 519Criminologists 520Forensic Psychologists 520Attorneys and Judges 520How Having a Career in Prevention Can Help Children 521Summary and Key Concepts 521Key Terms 522Study Questions 523Suggested Readings 523Suggested Viewings 523References R-1Glossary G-1Index I-1