Twentieth-Century America

David Goldfield received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Maryland. Since 1982 he has been Robert Lee Bailey Professor of History at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte. He is the author or editor of thirteen books on various aspects of southern and urban history. Two of his works–Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers: Southern City and Region, 1607-1980 (1982) and Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (1990)–received the Mayflower Award for nonfiction and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in history. His most recent book is Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (2002). When he is not writing history, Dr. Goldfield applies his historical craft to history museum exhibits, voting rights cases, and local planning and policy issues.  Carl Abbott is a professor of Urban Studies and planning at Portland State University. He taught previously in the history departments at the University of Denver and Old Dominion University, and held visiting appointments at Mesa College in Colorado and George Washington University. He holds degrees in history from Swarthmore College and the University of Chicago. He specializes in the history of cities and the American West and serves as co-editor of the Pacific Historical Review. His books include The New Urban America: Growth and Politics in Sunbelt Cities (1981, 1987), The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (1993), Planning a New West: The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (1997), and Political Terrain: Washington, D.C. from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis (1999). He is currently working on a comprehensive history of the role of urbanization and urban culture in the history of western North America.  Jo Ann E. Argersinger received her Ph.D. from George Washington University and is Professor of History at Southern Illinois University. A recipient of fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, she is a historian of social, labor, and business policy. Her publications include Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (1988) and Making the Amalgamated: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Baltimore Clothing Industry (1999).  Peter H. Argersinger received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin and is Professor of History at Southern Illinois University. He has won several fellowships as well as the Binkley-Stephenson Award from the Organization of American Historians. Among his books on American political and rural history are Populism and Politics (1974), Structure, Process, and Party (1992), and The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism (1995). His current research focuses on the political crisis of the 1890s.

• Found in this Section:1. Brief Table of Contents2. Full Table of Contents 1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS  Preface  Chapter 1: The American Journey in 1900            Chapter 2: Toward a Progressive Society Chapter 3: Progressive Politics: 1900—1916        Chapter 4: Creating an Empire: 1898—1917         Chapter 5: America and the Great War: 1914—1920       Chapter 6: Toward a Modern America: The 1920s          Chapter 7: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression: 1929—1933Chapter 8: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the New Deal: 1933—1939      Chapter 9: World War II: 1939—1945          Chapter 10: The Cold War at Home and Abroad: 1946—1952   Chapter 11: The Confident Years: 1953—1964     Chapter 12: Shaken to the Roots: 1965—1980     Chapter 13: The Reagan Revolution and a Changing World: 1981—1992Chapter 14: Peace, Prosperity, Complacency:1993—2000Chapter 15: An Uneasy New Century  Bibliography  Glossary of Key Terms and ConceptsCredits  Index  2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS  Preface  Chapter 1: The American Journey in 1900      New IndustryInventing Technology: The Electric AgeThe Corporation and Its ImpactThe Changing Nature of WorkOut on the FarmGovernment RespondsNew ImmigrantsCultural Connections in a New WorldThe JobNativismSettling the Race IssueBlack Aspirations and White BacklashLynch Law Segregation By LawDisfranchisementA National Consensus on RaceResponse of the Black CommunityRoots of the Great MigrationNew Cities Centers and SuburbsThe New Middle ClassA Consumer SocietyThe Growth of Leisure ActivitiesThe Ideal CityAttacking the American Indian Problem AMERICAN VIEWS  Zitkala-Sa’s View of AmericanizationAn Emerging World Power Documents Thomas Edison, The Success of the Electric Light (1880)The People's Party Platform (1892)Lee Chew, "Life of a Chinese Immigrant" (1903)Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)Ida B. Wells-Barnett, False Accusations (1895)Opinion of the Supreme Court for Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Richard K. Fox, Coney Island Frolics (1883).Accounts of the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890s).AudioLynch Law in GeorgiaA Republican Textbook for Colored VotersVideoThe Great MigrationResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 2: Toward a Progressive Society      The Ferment of Reform  The Context of Reform: Industrial and Urban TensionsChurch and CampusMuckrakersThe Gospel of EfficiencyLabor Demands Its RightsExtending the Woman’s SphereTrans-Atlantic InfluencesSocialismOpponents of ReformReforming Industrial Society  Settlement Houses and Urban ReformProtective Legislation for Women and ChildrenAMERICAN VIEWS   Mother Jones and the Meaning of Child Labor in AmericaSocial InsuranceMaking the State a ParentReshaping Public EducationChallenging Gender RestrictionsReforming Country LifeMoral Crusades and Social Control Controlling ImmigrantsProhibition The Devil’s ToothpicksSuppressing ProstitutionRegulating EntertainmentFor Whites Only?Black ActivismConclusion  Documents Personal Journey: Washington Gladden, "The World Is Beginning to See" (1909) Lincoln Steffens, from The Shame of the Cities (0000)Eugene V. Debs, The Outlook for Socialism in America (0000)Profile:   Margaret SangerThe Niagara Movement, Declaration of Principles (1905)Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 3: Progressive Politics: 1900—1916  Reforming Politics and Government Woman SuffrageAMERICAN VIEWS  The Need for Woman SuffrageElectoral ReformMunicipal ReformProgressive State GovernmentTheodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Presidency TR and the Modern PresidencyRoosevelt and LaborManaging Natural ResourcesCorporate RegulationLurching to the Left?Taft and the Tensions of Progressive Politics The Election of 1908The Blundering PresidentWoodrow Wilson and Progressive Reform The Election of 1912Implementing the New FreedomThe Expansion of ReformConclusion Documents National Woman Suffrage Association, Mother's Day Letter (0000) Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (1910).Theodore Roosevelt, "The New Nationalism," (1910).Woodrow Wilson, from The New Freedom (1913).Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 4: Creating an Empire: 1898—1917    The Roots of Imperialism Ideological ArgumentsStrategic ConcernsEconomic DesignsFirst StepsThe Spanish-American War The Cuban RevolutionGrowing TensionsWar and EmpireThe Treaty of ParisAMERICAN VIEWS  A Southern Senator Opposes AnnexationImperial Ambitions: The United States and East Asia, 1899—1917 The Filipino-American WarRivalry with Japan and RussiaImperial Power: The United States and Latin America, 1899—1917  U.S. Rule in Puerto RicoCuba as a U.S. ProtectorateThe Panama CanalDollar DiplomacyWilsonian InterventionsPlaying “An Ever Growing Part:” The United States and Europe, 1900—1914 Conclusion Documents Rudyard Kipling, Imperialism and the White Man's Burden (1899) Personal Journey: Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885)Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power (1897)Theodore Roosevelt, An Imperialist Views the World (0000)The Teller Amendment (1898)Liliuokalani, Hawaii's Story (0000)William McKinley, "Decision on the Philippines" (1899)Platform for the American Anti-Imperialist League (1899)Ernest Howard Crosby, "The Real 'White Man's Burden'" (1899) Theodore Roosevelt, from the Third Annual Message to Congress (1903)Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 5: America and the Great War: 1914—1920  Waging Neutrality The Origins of ConflictAmerican AttitudesThe Economy of WarThe Diplomacy of NeutralityThe Battle over PreparednessThe Election of 1916Descent into WarWaging War in America Managing the War Economy Women and Minorities: New Opportunities, Old InequitiesFinancing the WarConquering MindsSuppressing DissentAMERICAN VIEWS  Mobilizing America for LibertyWaging War and Peace Abroad The War to End All WarsThe Fourteen PointsThe Paris Peace ConferenceWaging Peace at Home Battle over the LeagueEconomic Readjustment and Social ConflictThe Red ScareThe Election of 1920Conclusion Documents Boy Scouts of America “Support the War Effort” (1917)Newton D. Baker, Treatment of German-Americans (1918)Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918)A. Mitchell Palmer on the Menace of Communism (1920)ImagesCloser Look:  Mobilizing the Home FrontCloser Look: African American Soldiers Return HomeResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 6: Toward a Modern America: The 1920s   The Economy That Roared Boom IndustriesCorporate ConsolidationOpen Shops and Welfare CapitalismSick IndustriesThe Business of Government Republican AscendancyGovernment CorruptionCoolidge ProsperityThe Fate of ReformCities and Suburbs Expanding CitiesThe Great Black MigrationBarriosThe Road to SuburbiaMass Culture in the Jazz Age Advertising the Consumer SocietyLeisure and EntertainmentThe New MoralityThe Searching TwentiesCulture Wars  Nativism and Immigration RestrictionThe Ku Klux KlanProhibition and CrimeOld-Time Religion and the Scopes TrialAMERICAN VIEWS   Evangelism and the Search for SalvationA New Era in the World? War Debts and Economic ExpansionRejecting WarManaging the HemisphereHerbert Hoover and the Final Triumph of the New Era  Conclusion Documents Edward Earle Purinton, Big Ideas from Big Business (1921)Robert and Helen Lynd, The Automobile Comes to Middletown (1924)ImagesCloser Look:  Mobilizing the Home FrontCloser Look: African American Soldiers Return HomeVideos1920’s MediaThe Great MigrationThe Harlem RenaissanceResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 7: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression: 1929—1933CRASH! From Panic to DepressionThe Global CollapseHard Times in Hooverville “Women’s Jobs” and “Men’s Jobs”Families in the Depression“Last Hired, First Fired”Deportation and DiscriminationDiscontent in the DepressionHerbert Hoover and the Depression Self-Help, Popular Culture, and the CommunityBusinesses and Bankers: Rejecting Voluntary RemediesThe Failure of VoluntarismAMERICAN VIEWS  An Ohio Mayor on Unemployment and ReliefRepudiating Hoover: The Election of 1932 The Bonus ArmyThe Election of 1932Waiting for Roosevelt The Worsening DepressionFinancial CollapseConclusion Documents Exploring America–The Dust BowlCaroline Manning, The Immigrant Woman and Her Job (1930)MapInteractive Map–The Great DepressionResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 8: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the New Deal: 1933—1939      Launching the New Deal “Action Now!”Creating JobsHelping Some FarmersThe Flight of the Blue EagleCritics Right and LeftConsolidating the New Deal Weeding Out and Lifting UpExpanding ReliefThe Roosevelt Coalition and the Election of 1936The New Deal and American Life Labor on the MarchWomen and the New DealMinorities and the New DealThe New Deal: North, South, East, and WestAMERICAN VIEWS  The Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the New Deal for Native AmericansThe New Deal and Public ActivismEbbing of the New Deal Challenging the CourtMore Hard TimesPolitical StalemateGood Neighbors and Hostile Forces Neutrality and FascismEdging Toward InvolvementConclusion  Documents Luther C. Wandall, A Negro in the CCC (1935)E.E. Lewis, Black Cotton Farmers and the AAA (1935)Profile:  John LewisFrances Perkins, Social Insurance for U.S. (1936)Tennessee Valley Authority Act (1933)ImageCloser Look:  Homeless Shantytown, Seattle, 1937VideoDorothea Lange and Migrant MotherResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 9: World War II: 1939—1945      The Dilemmas of Neutrality The Roots of WarHitler’s War in EuropeTrying to Keep OutEdging Toward InterventionDecember 7, 1941Holding the LineStopping GermanyThe Survival of BritainRetreat and Stabilization in the PacificMobilizing for Victory Organizing the EconomyThe Enlistment of ScienceMen and Women in the MilitaryThe Home FrontWomen in the WorkforceEthnic Minorities in the War EffortClashing CulturesInternment of Japanese AmericansAMERICAN VIEWS The Internment of Japanese Americans in 1942The End of the New DealWar and Peace Turning the Tide in EuropeOperation OVERLORDVictory and Tragedy in EuropeThe Pacific WarSearching for PeaceHow the Allies WonConclusion  Documents Charles Lindberg, Radio Address, 1941Manhattan Project Notebook (1945)AudioObey the Ration lawsMapWorld War II, Pacific TheaterVideoHitler and RooseveltThe Desegregation of the Military and Blacks in CombatTruman on the End of World War IIAtomic Bomb at HiroshimaResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 10: The Cold War at Home and Abroad: 1946—1952        Launching the Great Boom Reconversion ChaosEconomic PolicyThe GI BillAssembly-Line NeighborhoodsConsumer Boom and Baby BoomTruman, Republicans, and the Fair Deal Truman’s OppositionWhistle-Stopping Across AmericaTruman’s Fair DealConfronting the Soviet Union The End of the Grand AllianceThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall PlanSoviet ReactionsAmerican RearmamentCold War and Hot War The Nuclear ShadowAMERICAN VIEWS  Deciding on a Nuclear Arms RaceThe Cold War in AsiaNSC-68 and Aggressive ContainmentWar in Korea, 1950—1953The Politics of WarThe Second Red Scare 303The Communist Party and the Loyalty ProgramNaming Names to CongressSubversion TrialsSenator McCarthy on StageUnderstanding McCarthyismConclusion Documents Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)“The Legal Attack to Secure Civil Rights” (1942)George Marshall, The Marshall Plan (1947)National Security Council Memorandum 68 (1950)Ronald Reagan, Testimony before House Un-American Activities Committee (1947)Joseph P. McCarthy speechSenate Resolution 301: Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy (1954)VideoThe Desegregation of the Military and Blacks in CombatPresident Truman and the Threat of CommunismResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 11: The Confident Years: 1953—1964           A Decade of Affluence What’s Good for General MotorsBeating PolioReshaping Urban AmericaComfort on CreditThe New 1950s FamilyInventing TeenagersTurning to ReligionThe Gospel of ProsperityFacing Off with the Soviet Union Why We Liked IkeA Balance of TerrorContainment in ActionGlobal StandoffJohn F. Kennedy and the Cold WarThe Kennedy MystiqueKennedy’s MistakesGetting into VietnamMissile Crisis: A Line Drawn in the WavesScience and Foreign AffairsRighteousness Like a Mighty Stream: The Struggle for Civil Rights Getting to the Supreme CourtDeliberate SpeedPublic AccommodationsThe March on Washington, 1963Religious Belief and Civil RightsAMERICAN VIEWS  Dwight D. Eisenhower and Billy Graham   Consider Desegregation“Let Us Continue” Dallas, 1963War on PovertyCivil Rights, 1964—1965War, Peace, and the Landslide of 1964War on PovertyConclusion Documents Exploring America: The Consumer Society, 1950-1960Ladies Home Journal, “Young Mother” (1956)Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, Bus Boycott (0000)Julian Bond, Sit-ins and the Origins of SNCC (1960)Lyndon Johnson, “The War on Poverty” (1964)Civil Rights Act of 1964Fannie Lou Hamer, Voting Rights in Mississippi (1962-1964)VideoIke for President: Eisenhower Campaign Ad, 1952Eisenhower’s Special Message to Congress on the Middle East,         1957President John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile CrisisRev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Speech at the March on Washington (1963)Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 12: Shaken to the Roots: 1965—1980           Deeper into VietnamEscalationFighting in ‘NamVoices of DissentNew VoicesNew Left and Community ActivismYouth Culture and CountercultureSounds of ChangeCommunes Grassroots ConservatismThe Feminist CritiqueComing OutDiagnosing an Urban CrisisConflict in the StreetsMinority Self-DeterminationSuburban Independence: The Outer CityThe Year of the Gun, 1968 The Tet OffensiveLBJ’s ExitRed SpringViolence and Politics: King, Kennedy, and ChicagoNixon and Watergate Getting Out of Vietnam, 1969—1975Coming to Terms with the Vietnam WarNixon and the Wider WorldCourting Middle AmericaOil, OPEC, and StagflationAmericans as EnvironmentalistsFrom Dirty Tricks to WatergateThe Ford FootnoteJimmy Carter: Idealism and Frustration in the White House Carter, Energy, and the EconomyClosed Factories and Failing FarmsClosed Factories and Failing FarmsNew Crises AbroadConclusion Documents Students for a Democratic Society, The Port Huron Statement  (1962)Donald Wheeldin, “The Situation in Watts Today” (1967)Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, from Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (1967)Cesar Chavez, “He Showed Us the Way” (1978)Exploring America: American Indian Movement.AudioMalcolm X, Message to the GrassrootsVideoProtests Against the Vietnam WarRichard Nixon, “I am not a crook.”Jimmy Carter and the “Crisis of Confidence”Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 13: The Reagan Revolution and a Changing World: 1981—1992Reagan’s Domestic Revolution Reagan’s MajorityConservatism WorldviewsReaganomics: Deficits and DeregulationCrisis for Organized LaborAn Acquisitive SocietyMass Media and Fragmented CulturePoverty amid ProsperityConsolidating the Revolution: George H. W. BushThe Climax of the Cold WarConfronting the Soviet UnionRisky Business: Foreign-Policy AdventuresEmbracing PerestroikaCrisis and Democracy in Eastern EuropeThe Persian Gulf WarGrowth in the Sunbelt The Defense EconomyNew AmericansOld Gateways and NewThe Graying of AmericaValues in Collision Women’s Rights and Public PolicyAIDS and Gay ActivismChurches in ChangeCulture WarsAMERICAN VIEWS  The Religious Imperative in PoliticsConclusion Documents T. Boone Pickens, “My Case for Reagan” (1984)Riberts. The Supply-Side Revolution (1984)Ronald Reagan, The Air Traffic Controllers Strike (1981)Patricia Morrisroe, “Yuppies: The New Class” (1985)Exploring America: Growing PovertyThe Middle East in the 1980s and 1990Cecelia Rosa Avila, Third Generation Mexican-American (1988)Jesse Jackson, Common Ground (1988)MapAmerica’s Move to the Sunbelt, 1970-1981VideoRonald Reagan on the Wisdom of Tax CutsOliver North HearingPresident Bush on the Gulf WarEvangelical Religion and Politics, Then and NowResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 14: Peace, Prosperity, Complacency:1993—2000The Politics of the CenterThe Election of 1992: A New GenerationPolicing the WorldClinton’s NeoliberalismContract with America and the Election of 1996The Dangers of Everyday LifeMorality and PartisanshipA New Economy?The Prosperous 1990sThe Service EconomyThe High-Tech SectorAMERICAN VIEWS  Creating and Working in the New EconomyAn Instant SocietyIn the World MarketBroadening DemocracyWomen from the Grass Roots to CongressMinorities at the Ballot BoxRights and OpportunitiesAmericans in 2000Documents Clinton Health Care Reform Proposals (1983)Republican Contract with America (1984)U.S. v. Timothy McVeigh (1997)Articles of Impeachment against William Jefferson Clinton (1998)VideoBill Clinton Sells Himself to America, Presidential Campaign Ad, 1992Research and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Chapter 15: An Uneasy New CenturyEdging into a New CenturyThe 2000 ElectionReaganomics RevisitedDownsized DiplomacyParadoxes of Power9/11/01Security and ConflictIraq and Conflicts in the Middle EastTurmoil at HomeHurricane and Financial StormThe Obama PhenomenonDisengagement and Changes in the Middle EastPartisan PoliticsConclusionDocuments Al Gore, Global Warming (2006)George W. Bush, Address to Congress (2001)George W. Bush, Address to the Nation on the Iraq Invasion (2003)VideoThe Historical Significance of the 2008 Presidential ElectionMapPresent-day Africa and the Middle EastResearch and ExploreReview QuestionsKey TermsRecommended Readings  Bibliography  Glossary of Key Terms and ConceptsCredits  Index