Tribological Properties, Performance, and Applications of Biocomposites

Dr. Chandrasekar Muthukumar, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India. His field of expertise is natural fiber–based composites and material characterization. Dr. Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India. His publications span a wide range, including topics such as natural fibers, biocomposites, and 3D printing. Dr. Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu, India. He has published research articles, book chapters, and books in the theme of biocomposites. Dr. Ganesan Chinnachamy, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India. His field of expertise is composite materials.

• Preface xiii1 Tribological Characterization of Biocomposites: An Overview 1Manickam Ramesh, Thangamani Vinitha, and Manickam Tamil Selvan1.1 Introduction 11.2 Tribological Characterization 21.2.1 Flax Reinforcement 31.2.2 Coconut Coir Reinforcement 41.2.3 Banana Reinforcement 41.2.4 Hemp Reinforcement 41.2.5 Ramie Reinforcement 51.2.6 Calotropis gigantea Reinforcement 51.2.7 Kenaf Reinforcement 61.2.8 Betel Nut Fibers 71.3 Parameters Influencing the Tribological Characteristics 81.3.1 Impact of Reinforcement Orientation on Wear Behavior 81.3.2 Effect of Reinforcement Volume Fraction on Wear Behavior 91.3.3 Effect of Fillers on Wear Behavior 111.3.4 Influence of Surface Modification on Wear Behavior 111.4 Morphology Analysis of Tribological Characteristics 121.5 Conclusion 14References 152 Tribological Properties of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 19Lin Feng Ng and Mohd Yazid Yahya2.1 Introduction 192.2 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 202.3 Cellulosic Natural Fibers 222.4 Impact of Tribology on the Environment and Industry 232.5 Tribological Properties of FRPs 252.5.1 Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 252.5.2 Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites 302.6 Conclusion 33References 343 Wear Properties of Flax/Epoxy-Based Composites With Different Machining Parameters 39K.R. Sumesh, Petr Spatenka, and G. Rajeshkumar3.1 Introduction 393.2 Materials and Methods 403.2.1 Method 403.2.2 Wear Testing 403.3 Results and Discussion 413.3.1 Wear Results 413.4 Conclusions 43References 434 Polyester-Based Biocomposites for Tribological Applications 47Anand Gobiraman, Santhosh Nagaraja, and Vishvanathperumal Sathiyamoorthi4.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 474.2 Materials and Methods 494.2.1 Natural Fibers 494.2.2 Polyester–Natural Fiber Composites 494.2.3 Hybrid Polyester—Composites 504.2.4 Methods of Production of Biocomposites 514.2.4.1 Stratification 514.2.4.2 Hand Lay-Up Method 524.2.4.3 Vacuum Bagging Technique 524.2.4.4 Tribological Tests on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyester-Based Biocomposites 524.3 Tribological Characteristics of Polyester-Based Biocomposites 534.4 Polyester-Based Biocomposites for Tribological Applications 594.5 Conclusions 60References 615 Tribological Properties of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites 65Krushna Gouda, Muthukumar Chandrasekar, Vellaichamy Parthasarathy, Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, and Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani5.1 Introduction 655.2 Natural Fiber-Based VE Composite 705.3 Problems Associated with Natural Fiber-Based Composite 715.4 Conclusion 71References 716 Friction and Sliding Wear Properties of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites 75Emel Kuram6.1 Introduction 756.2 Polypropylene 766.3 Natural Fibers 766.4 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Composites 806.5 Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Composites 836.5.1 Friction Coefficient of Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Composites 866.5.2 Wear Behavior of Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Composites 906.6 Conclusions 94Acknowledgments 94References 957 Wear Behavior of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 105Ramu Sundaramoorthy, Vellaichamy Parthasarathy, Jeyanthi Subramanian, Lin Feng Ng, and Naveen Jesuarockiam7.1 Introduction 1057.2 Wear Testing Methods 1057.3 Factors Affecting Wear Behavior of the Composite 1077.4 Motion Type 1077.5 Load 1077.6 Velocity 1077.7 Temperature 1087.8 Test Duration 1087.9 Performance Metrics From the Wear Test 1087.10 Wear Studies on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites 1097.11 Conclusion 113References 1138 Tribological Characterization of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyimide Composites 115Anand Gobiraman, Santhosh Nagaraja, and Vishvanathperumal Sathiyamoorthi8.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 1158.2 Materials and Methods 1178.2.1 Natural Fibers 1188.2.2 Methods of Production of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 1198.2.2.1 Stratification 1208.2.2.2 Hand Layup 1208.2.2.3 Vacuum Bagging Technique 1218.3 Polyimides 1218.4 Natural Fibers/Polyimides Composites 1218.5 Tribological Applications of Natural Fibers/Polyimides Composites 1228.6 Conclusions 124References 1259 Investigations of the Friction and Wear Resistance of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide Composites 129İbrahim Can Kaymaz, Alperen Doğru, Miray Batıkan Kandemir, and Mehmet Özgür Seydibeyoğlu9.1 Introduction 1299.1.1 Thermosetting 1309.1.2 Thermoplastics 1309.1.3 Thermoplastic Composites 1319.1.4 Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix 1329.1.5 Fibers 1339.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforcement Polyamide 1349.2.1 Polyamide 1349.2.2 Natural Fibers 1359.2.2.1 Animal Fiber 1359.2.2.2 Plant Fiber 1359.2.3 Mineral Fiber 1419.2.4 Production 1419.3 Friction and Wear Resistance at Natural Fiber-Reinforcement Polyamide 1429.3.1 Friction 1429.3.2 Wear 1459.3.3 Testing and Measurement 1489.3.3.1 Friction Test Methodologies 1489.3.3.2 Wear Test Methodologies 1489.3.4 Applications 149References 15010 Friction and Wear Resistance of the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites With Metal Oxide Fillers 159Niket Suresh Powar and Mariyappan Shanmugam10.1 Introduction 15910.2 Oil Palm Fiber 16010.3 Jute Fiber 16110.4 Bamboo Fiber 16210.5 Coconut Fiber 16410.6 Conclusion 164References 16511 Investigation of Sliding Wear Properties of Nanofiller-Based Biocomposites 167Ajish Babu, Anusree Thilak, Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil, Sandhya Alice Varghese, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Kuruvilla Joseph, and Suchart Siengchin11.1 Introduction 16711.2 Wear General Aspects 16811.3 Methods to Measure Wear 17011.4 Sliding Wear in Polymer Composites 17111.5 Sliding Wear in Biocomposites, General 17311.5.1 Sliding Wear Property of Biofiller Incorporated Biopolymer Composite 17311.5.2 Sliding Wear Property of Synthetic/Inorganic Filler Incorporated Biopolymer Composite 17511.6 Conclusion 177Acknowledgment 177References 17712 Friction and Wear Properties of Biocomposites for Dental, Orthopedic, and Biomedical Applications 185Piyush Gaur, Chandrasekar Muthukumar, and V. Parthasarathy12.1 Introduction 18512.2 Desired Properties and Classification of Biomaterials 18812.2.1 Desired Properties of Biomaterials 18812.2.2 Classification of Biomaterials 18912.2.2.1 Metallic Biomaterials 18912.2.2.2 Ceramic Biomaterials 19312.2.2.3 Composite Biomaterials 19312.3 Wear of Biomaterials 19412.3.1 Wear Testing Methods 19512.3.2 Friction and Wear Characterization Techniques for Biomaterials 19612.4 Friction and Wear Properties of Biocomposites Used in Different Biomedical Applications 19712.4.1 Dental Applications 19712.4.1.1 Friction and Wear of Dental Resins 19912.4.2 Orthopedic Applications 20012.4.2.1 Friction and Wear of Biocomposites in Orthopedics Applications 20312.5 Conclusion 207References 20713 Wear and Friction Behavior of Biocomposites Fabricated Through Additive Manufacturing 219Manickam Ramesh, Kanagaraj Niranjana, and Manickam Tamil Selvan13.1 Introduction 21913.2 Additive Manufacturing of Biocomposites 22013.3 Fabrication of Biocomposites Using AM 22213.4 Types of Wear Behavior Based on Its Processes, Effects, and Environment 22213.4.1 Adhesion Wear 22313.4.2 Abrasive Wear 22413.4.3 Erosive Wear 22513.4.4 Fatigue Wear 22613.4.5 Corrosive or Oxidative Wear 22613.4.6 Fretting Wear 22613.5 Determining the Level of Specimen Deterioration 22713.6 Wear and Frictional Characteristics of AM Products 22813.7 Method of Testing the Wear and Friction in the AM Parts 22813.7.1 Pin-on-Disk or Tribometer 23913.7.2 Pin-on-Drum 23913.7.3 Repeated Impact Wear Test 24013.7.4 Acoustic Emission Monitoring Test 24113.7.5 Rubbing Test 24113.8 Conclusion 241References 24214 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of Biocomposites 247Anthony Chidi Ezika, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Raphael Stone Odera, Uzoma Ebenezer Enwerem, Victor Ugochukwu Okpechi, Martin Emeka Ibenta, and Shadrack Chukwuebuka Ugwu14.1 Introduction 24714.2 Fibers 24814.2.1 NF Reinforcement 24914.2.2 Treatments of NFs 25014.2.2.1 Types of NF Treatment 25014.3 Biocomposites 25414.3.1 Classification of Biocomposites 25414.3.2 Natural Fiber-Polymer Composites 25414.3.3 Tribological Properties of NF-Reinforced Composites 25514.4 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF-Filled Polymer 25614.4.1 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 25714.4.2 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF- Reinforced Polyester Composites 26014.4.3 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Behavior of NF Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composite 26214.4.4 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF- Reinforced Polypropylene Composites 26314.4.5 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites 26514.4.6 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene Composites 26714.4.7 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF- Reinforced Low-Density Polyethylene Composites 26714.4.8 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF- Reinforced PET Composites 26914.4.9 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF- Reinforced Polyamide Composites 26914.4.10 Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Wear Properties of NF-Reinforced Hybrid Biocomposites (Fiber Blending + Polymer Blending) Composites 27014.5 Conclusion 273References 273Index 285