Trends and Applications in Advanced Polymeric Materials

S. K. Nayak holds the position of Director General, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) as well as Prof. & Chair of R&D wings of CIPET. He is an active researcher in the field of polymer science & technology and has authored several textbooks on novel technological developments and is the Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Plastics Technology (IJPT).Smita Mohanty is the Senior Scientist and In-charge of the Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (the R&D wing of CIPET), with more than 12 years of research and teaching experience. She has published ~150 papers in major international journals and has 5 Indian patents to her credit. Lakshmi Unnikrishnan is working as a Scientist at LARPM. She has published 15 papers in major international journals and her major area of research includes polymer electrolyte membranes, piezoelectric membrane systems, membrane separators, biosensors and conductive composites.

• Preface xv1 Polymer Nanocomposites and Coatings: The Game Changers 1Gaurav Verma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymer Nanocomposites 41.2.1 Types of Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing 41.2.1.1 Equipment and Processing 71.2.2 Polymer Property Enhancements 91.2.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Structure and Morphology 101.2.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 111.2.4.1 Morphological Testing 121.2.4.2 Spectral Testing 141.2.4.3 Testing 151.2.5 Applications 161.2.5.1 Nanocomposite Coatings: Focus PU-Clay Coatings 171.3 Conclusions 18Acknowledgments 19References 192 DGEBA Epoxy/CaCO3 Nanocomposites for Improved Chemical Resistance and Mechanical Properties for Coating Applications 23Manoj Kumar Shukla, Archana Mishra, Kavita Srivastava, A K Rathore and Deepak Srivastava2.1 Introductıon 242.2 Experimental 262.2.1 Preparation of Epoxy/CaCO3 Nanocomposites 262.2.2 Preparation of Panels 272.2.3 Preparation of Reagents for Chemical Resistance 272.2.3.1 Artificial Seawater (ASW) 272.2.4 Preparation of Films 282.3 Characterization of Epoxy/CaCO3 Nanocomposite 282.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra 282.3.2 Mechanical Properties 282.3.2.1 Impact Resistance 282.3.2.2 Scratch Hardness 292.3.2.3 Adhesion and Flexibility Test 292.3.2.4 Chemical Resistance Test 292.3.2.5 Morphological Properties 292.4 Results and Discussion 302.4.1 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis 302.4.2 Studies on Mechenical Properties 322.4.2.1 Impact Resistance 322.4.2.2 Studies of Scratch Hardness 352.4.2.3 Adhesion and Flexibility Test (Mandrel Bend Test) 362.4.3 Studies on Chemical Resistance 372.4.4 Morphological Studies 382.5 Conclusıon 41References 423 An Industrial Approach to FRLS (Fire Retardant Low Smoke) Compliance in Epoxy Resin-Based Polymeric Products 45Hari R and Sukumar Roy3.1 Introduction 463.1.1 Incorporation of Additives 473.2 Experimental 493.3 Characterizatıon, Results and Discussion 533.4 Conclusion 57Acknowledgments 58References 584 Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cell: An Overview 59Neha Patni, Pranjal Sharma, Mythilypriya Suresh, Birendrakumar Tiwari and Shibu G. Pillai4.1 Introduction 604.2 Polymer Solar Cells: An Insight 614.2.1 Why Polymer Solar Cells are Preferable 624.3 Layer Stack Constructıon of Polymer Solar Cells 624.4 Simple Working of a Polymer Solar Cell 634.5 Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) 634.6 Current Condition of Polymer Solar Cells 644.7 Materials Used for Developing PSC 654.7.1 Synthesis of Polymer Materials 654.7.1.1 Stille Cross-Coupling 664.7.1.2 Suzuki Cross-Coupling 664.7.1.3 Direct Arylation Polymerization 664.7.1.4 Polymerization Rates 674.7.2 Conjugated Polymers 674.7.3 Side-Chain Influence in Polymers 684.7.4 Purification 694.8 Degradation and Stability of a PSC 694.8.1 Physical Degradation 694.8.1.1 Morphological Stability 694.8.1.2 Flexibility and Delamination 704.8.2 Chemical Degradation 704.8.2.1 Polymer Instability 704.8.2.2 Photochemical Degradation 714.9 Dyes 724.9.1 Natural Dyes Used for Polymer Solar Cells 734.10 Performed Experiments 754.10.1 Experimental Setup 1 754.10.2 Experimental Setup 2 774.11 Summary 78References 795 A Simple Route to Synthesize Nanostructures of Bismuth Oxyiodide and Bismuth Oxychloride (BiOI/BiOCl) Composite for Solar Energy Harvesting 83I. D. Sharma, Chander Kant, A. K. Sharma, Ravi Ranjan Pandey and K. K. Saini5.1 Introduction 835.1.1 Bismuth Oxyhalide [BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I )]:General Remarks 875.1.2 Synthesis of Bismuth Oxyhalide 895.2 Photocatalytic Activity Measurements 915.3 Results and Discussion 915.4 Conclusion 96Acknowledgments 97References 986 Investigation of DC Conductivity, Conduction Mechanism and CH4 Gas Sensor of Chemically Synthesized Polyaniline Nanofiber Deposited on DL-PLA Substrate 101Muktikanta Panigrahi, Debabrat Pradhan, Subhasis Basu Majumdar and Basudam Adhikari6.1 Introduction 1026.2 Experimental Details 1046.2.1 Preparation of Desired Materials 1046.2.2 Characterization of DL-PLA Films and DL-PLA/PANI-ES Composites 1056.3 Results and Discussion 1066.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Analysis 1066.3.2 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformation Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopic Analysis 1076.3.3 Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Absorption Spectroscopic Analysis 1096.3.4 DC Electrical Analysis 1116.4 Conclusion 120Acknowledgments 121References 1217 Electrical Properties of Conducting Polymer-MWCNT Binary and Hybrid Nanocomposites 127B.T.S. Ramanujam and S. Radhakrishnan7.1 Introduction 1287.1.1 Theoretical Background of Electrical Conductivity in CPCs 1297.1.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Percolation Threshold 1297.1.3 Processing Methods of CPCs 1307.1.4 Conduction Mechanism in CPCs 1307.1.5 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) – Potential Conducting Filler 1317.1.5.1 Synthesis Methods of Carbon Nanotubes 1327.1.6 Electrical Properties of Polymer-MWCNT Composites 1347.2 AC/DC Properties of Polyethersulfone (PES)-MWCNT, PES-Graphite-MWCNT Nanocomposites 1357.2.1 Material Properties 1357.2.2 Composite Preparation 1357.3 Discussion of Results 1367.3.1 Electrical Behavior of Polyethersulfone (PES)-MWCNT Binary and PES-Graphite-MWCNT Hybrid Composites 1367.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis 1387.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 139Acknowledgment 141References 1418 Polyaniline-Based Sensors for Monitoring and Detection of Ammonia and Carbon Monoxide Gases 145Neha Patni, Neha Jain and Shibu G. Pillai8.1 Introduction 1458.2 Conducting Polymers 1468.2.1 Polyaniline 1478.2.1.1 Structure of Polyaniline 1488.2.1.2 Properties of Polyaniline 1488.3 Ammonia Detection 1498.3.1 Sources of Ammonia 1498.3.2 Experiment: Ammonia Sensor 1538.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection 1548.4.1 Common Sources of CO 1548.4.2 Sensors Used for Detection of CO 1558.5 Conclusion 158References 1599 Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent La2Zr2O7/Sm3+ Polymer Nanocomposites 163Pramod Halappa and C. Shivakumara9.1 Introduction 1649.1.1 Luminescence 1659.1.2 Photoluminescence 1659.1.2.1 Fluorescence 1659.1.2.2 Delayed Fluorescence or Phosphorescence 1679.1.2.3 Jablonski Diagram 1679.1.2.4 Phosphors 1699.1.2.5 Photoluminescence of Samarium Ion (Sm3+) 1739.1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Present Study 1739.2 Experimental 1759.2.1 Synthesis of Sm3+-Doped La2Zr2O7 1759.2.2 Preparation of PVA Polymer Thin Films 1769.2.3 Preparation of Sm3+-Doped La2Zr2O7 with PVA-Polymer Composite Films 1779.2.4 Characterization 1779.3 Results and Discussıon 1789.3.1 Structural Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction 1789.3.2 SEM Analysis 1819.3.3 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 1819.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 1819.3.5 Photoluminescence Properties 1829.3.6 Chromaticity Color Coordinates 1849.4 Conclusion 186Aknowledgment 186References 18610 Study of Gas Transport Phenomenon in Layered Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes 191A.K. Patel and N.K. Acharya10.1 Introduction 19210.1.1 Transport Phenomenon 19310.1.2 Metal Coating 19610.2 Experimental 19610.2.1 Fabrication of Nanocomposite Membrane 19610.2.2 Gas Permeability Test 19710.3 Results and Discussion 19910.4 Conclusion 203Acknowledgment 203References 20411 Synthesis and Ion Transport Studies of K+ Ion Conducting Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes 207Angesh Chandra, Alok Bhatt and Archana Chandra11.1 Introduction 20811.2 Experimental 20911.3 Results and Discussion 21011.4 Conclusion 216Acknowledgment 217References 21712 Recent Studies in Polyurethane-Based Drug Delivery Systems 219Archana Solanki and Sonal Thakore12.1 Introduction 21912.1.1 Polyurethane Chemistry: A Brief Overview 21912.1.2 Carbohydrate Cross-Linked Polyurethanes 22712.1.3 Biomedical Applications of PUs 22912.2 Experimental 23212.2.1 Impact of PU Chemistry on Drug Delivery Profiles 23212.2.2 Drug Loading and Release Kinetics 23512.2.3 Waterborne pH-Responsive Polyurethanes 23612.3 Conclusion 240References 24013 Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Hydrogels for Drug Release Formulation and Its Comparative Study 245Nisarg K. Prajapati, Nirmal K. Patel and Vijay Kumar Sinha13.1 Introduction 24613.2 Materials and Method 24613.2.1 Preparation of Sodium Salt of Partly Carboxylic Propyl Starch (Na-PCPS) 24613.2.2 Preparation of 2-Hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy)propyl acrylate 24713.2.3 Graft Copolymerization with PCPS-g-2-hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy) propyl acrylate (HPA) 24713.2.4 Drug Loading in Polymeric Binder 24813.2.5 Preparation of Matrix Tablets 24913.2.6 In-Vitro Dissolution Studies of Tablet 25013.3 Result and Discussion 25013.3.1 13C-NMR Spectra Analysis of 2-Hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy) propyl acrylate 25013.3.2 XRD Analysis of Starch, CPS, PCPS-g-2-hydroxy-3-((2-hydroxypropanoyl)oxy) propyl acrylate (HPA) 25013.3.3 In-Vitro Study 25113.4 Conclusion 253Acknowledgment 253References 25314 Enhancement in Gas Diffusion Barrier Property of Polyethylene by Plasma Deposited SiOx Films for Food Packaging Applications 255Purvi Dave, Nisha Chandwani, S. K. Nema and S. Mukherji 25514.1 Introduction 25614.2 Transport of Gas Molecules Through Packaging Polymers 25814.2.1 Packaging Polymer Struture 25814.2.2 Transport of Gas Molecules Through Semicrystalline Polymer Films 25814.2.3 Measurement of Gas Transmission Rate Through a Packaging Film 26014.3 Experimental 26114.3.1 Contact Angle Measurements to Determine Film Wetting Properties 26214.3.2 FTIR-ATR Study to Determine Film Chemistry 26214.3.3 Film Thickness Measurement 26214.3.4 High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy to Determine Film Morphology 26214.3.5 OTR Measurement to Determine Oxygen Diffusion Barrier Property 26314.4 Results 26314.4.1 Observations 26314.4.1.1 Wetting Behavior of SiOx Films 26314.4.1.2 Chemistry of SiOx Film 26414.4.1.3 Deposition Rate 26414.4.1.4 High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy 26514.4.1.5 Oxygen Transmission Rate 26714.4.2 Discussion 26714.5 Conclusion 271References 27215 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Olivine LiFePO4 Electrode Material for Lithium-Polymer Rechargeable Battery 275K. Rani, M. Abdul Kader and S. Palaniappan15.1 Introduction 27615.1.1 Energy Storage: Rechargeable Batteries 27615.1.1.1 Lithium Battery 27815.1.1.2 Comparison between Li-Polymer Battery and Liquid Battery 27915.1.1.3 Commercial Production 28015.1.1.4 Advantages of Lithium Polymer Batteries 28115.1.1.5 Limitations of Lithium-Polymer Batteries 28215.1.2 Cell Manufacturers Using Lithium Iron Phosphate 28215.1.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) 28415.1.3.1 Synthesis of LiFePO4 28615.1.3.2 Structure of LiFePO4 28715.1.3.3 Work on LiFePO4 Cell Systems 29015.2 Experimental 29215.2.1 Synthesis 29215.3 Characterization 29215.4 Results and Discussion 29315.4.1 Morphology 29315.4.2 E-DAX 29415.4.3 Charge-Discharge Characteristics 29415.4.4 XRD Studies on LiFePO4 29515.5 Conclusion 296Acknowledgments 297References 298Index 305