"Times Are Altered with Us"

Roger M. Carpenter is Associate Professor of History at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, where he teaches Native American and Early American History. He is the author of The Renewed, the Destroyed, and the Remade: The Three Thought Worlds of the Huron and the Iroquois, 1609-1650 (2004) and American Indian History Day by Day: A Reference Guide to Events (2012).

• List of Illustrations xi List of Maps xiiiIntroduction 11 1492 and Before 8Before Europeans 8Invasions of America 12Rewriting “History” 15The Bering Strait Theory 15Culture Areas 17The Development of Maize 19The Southwest 19The Eastern Woodlands 20Native American Population before 1492 22Native Americans and Old World Diseases 24The Columbian Exchange 252 Encountering the Spanish 29Pánfilo de Narváez 29Cabeza de Vaca 34The De Soto Expedition 37Mabila 39The Death of De Soto 40Coronado 41On to Quivera 43Bartolomé de Las Casas 44The Black Legend 44La Florida 45New Mexico 47Acoma 48Converting the Pueblo 48The Pueblo Revolt 503 Encounters with the French 53Verrazzano’s Voyage 55Cartier 57Huguenots in Florida 62The Fur Trade 63Champlain 64War with the Iroquois 66The Jesuits in Canada 68Alcohol and Native People 72La Salle and Louisiana 734 English and Native People in the Southeast 77Ireland, the Foundation of EnglishColonial Strategy 78The West Countrymen 79Roanoke 79The Powhatan Confederacy 83Jamestown 85Opechancanough’s Wars 89Bacon’s Rebellion 91The Indian Slave Trade 94The Yamasee War 985 Native Americans in New England 101English Sassafras Hunters 103John Smith Explores New England 104The Separatists 105Tisquantum 107Thomas Morton and “Merre-mount” 109The Pequot War 110Miantonomi and Uncas 113John Eliot and the Praying Towns 114Metacom’s Rebellion 1176 The Five Nations, the Dutch, and the Iroquois Wars 125Hudson’s Voyage 126The Dutch West India Company 129New Netherland’s Two Indian Policies 130The Mohawk–Mahican War 132Dutch and Algonquins at New Amsterdam 134Iroquois Economic Crisis and the Weakening of the Wendat 136The Beaver Wars 140The Grand Settlement of 1701 1467 Seeking a Middle Ground 148Pennsylvania 150The Walking Purchase 153The Iroquois Become Pennsylvania’s Enforcers 155Into the Ohio Country 158The Middle Ground 159Native Americans as Military Proxies 1618 The Imperial Wars 166The Imperial Wars 167The Treaty of Lancaster 173Disputing the Ohio Country 175Braddock’s Defeat 179Lake George 180Montcalm Takes Command 180The Tide Turns against the French 182The Cherokee War 1849 Pontiac’s Rebellion 189Neolin, the Delaware Prophet 189The French Leave 192The British Economize 194Jeffery Amherst’s Indian Policy 195Pontiac 197The Siege of Detroit 200Michilimackinac 202Bloody Run 204The Devil’s Hole 205Bushy Run 206The End of Pontiac’s Rebellion 208The Proclamation of 1763 208The Paxton Boys 209Pontiac’s Fate 210Flouting the Proclamation 21110 The Great Plains and the Far West 212The Plains 213The Bison 215The Arrival of the Horse 216The Plains before the Horse 218The Spread of Horses on the Plains 220The Cultural Impact of Horses and Muskets 222Smallpox in the West 223The Plains Migrations 224War over the Buffalo 226Women’s Changing Roles and Status 228The Environmental Impact of the Horse 229The Russians 230Spanish Missions in California 232The English Arrive in the Pacific Northwest 23511 Native Americans and the American Revolution 238Appropriating Native Identity 240Divisions among the Iroquois 241Neutrality 243Joseph Brant 244Oriskany 247American Allies 249The Death of Cornstalk 252A Generational Divide 253“Monster Brant” 254The Sullivan Campaign 255Atrocity at Gnadenhütten 25612 Coping with the New Republic 259The Conquest Policy 259Alliances with Europeans 261The Northwest Confederacy 262The End of the Conquest Policy 264Harmer’s Defeat 265St Clair’s Defeat 266British Interference 269Division in the Northwest Confederacy 271Fallen Timbers 272The Treaty of Greenville 273The “Blessings of Civilization” 274Spiritual Renewal 276Bibliographical Essay 278Index 287