Theories of Research Methodology: Readings in Methods

Häftad, Engelska, 2019

Av Lior Gideon, Gideon,

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Mastering research methods and designs should be a top priority of all students and scholars who are driven by curiosity and strive to acquire and advance knowledge. Aimed at undergraduate students, this book provides six sections of research methodology, providing a broad spectrum of the different methods and designs available.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-07-24
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor277
Upplaga3
FörlagKendall/Hunt Publishing Co ,U.S.
ISBN9781524993269

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AcknowledgementsForewordPART I: INTRODUCTIONResearch Methods, Research Flow, and Research Designs: An OutlineChapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods and Designs in Criminal Justice and Criminology—Lior Gideon.Introduction"Good" Research versus "Bad" ResearchTwo Common Research ModelsLinear ModelCircular ModelTypes of Studies According to Their Funding AgenciesConnection between Theory and MethodSelecting a Research TopicIdentifying a Research ProblemHypothesesSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 2 The Scientific Approach in Social Inquiry—Lior Gideon.Scientific Approach and the Scientific ExplanationExplanation and PredictionDependent and Independent VariablesConcepts and DefinitionsConceptual and Construct DefinitionsCan We Refer to Criminology and Criminal Justice as Science?Ethics in ResearchSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 3 Principles of Measurement—Lior Gideon.Theoretical DefinitionOperational DefinitionReliability: A Measure of Stability and ConsistencyTest–Retest ReliabilityEquivalent Measurement ReliabilityInternal Consistency ReliabilitySplit-Half ReliabilityInterrater or Interobserver ReliabilityWhat Reliability Measure Should We Use?ValidityFace ValidityContent ValidityCriterion validityConstruct ValidityPredictive ValidityExternal ValidityInternal ValidityStatistical Conclusion ValidityThe Relationship between Reliability and ValiditySummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsPART II: SAMPLE SIZESample Size and Statistical Power: An OutlineChapter 4 Magic and Science in Multivariate Sentencing Models: Reflection on the limits of Statistical methods—Weisburd, D. L.IntroductionScience and Magic in Statistical Sentencing Research: A Case StudyCorrect Model Specification and Its Relevance to Magical ResultsConclusionsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 5 Sample Size Consideration and Statistical Power—Lior Gideon.Level of MeasurementsCategorical VariablesContinues VariablesSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsPART III: SAMPLING TECHNIQUESSampling Methods: An OutlineChapter 6 Capturing Population Traits Using Samples: The Art of Choosing the Right Sample—Lior Gideon.Census, Sampling Frame, and Population SamplingSample SizeSampling Techniques Probability Sampling TechniquesSimple Random SamplingSystematic Random SamplingStratified Random SampleCluster SampleNonprobability Sampling TechniquesPurposive SampleQuota SampleSnowball/Chain SampleConvenience/Availability SampleSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 7 Purposeful Sampling—Eyrich-Garg, K. M.Extreme or Deviant Case SamplingIntensity SamplingMaximum Variation (Heterogeneity) SamplingHomogenous SamplingTypical Case SamplingCritical Case SamplingSnowball or Chain SamplingCriterion SamplingTheoretical Sampling, Operational Construct Sampling, & Theory-Based SamplingConfirming and Disconfirming CasesStratified Purposeful SamplingOpportunistic or Emergent SamplingPurposeful Random SamplingSampling Politically Important CasesConvenience SamplingCombination or Mixed Purposeful SamplingReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 8 Obtaining Representative Small Sample in Qualitative Studies—Lior Gideon.Non-probability Sampling MethodsNetwork SamplingThe Ex-Sharon Prisoner's Case Study and MethodologyInterviewees SamplingCombination of Non-probability Sampling Methods—DiscussionConclusionNotesReferencesDiscussion QuestionsPART IV: RESEARCH DESIGNSResearch Design Models: An OutlineChapter 9 Descriptive Research Designs—Lior Gideon.Exploratory StudiesDescriptive StudiesExploratory versus Descriptive Studies Descriptive Longitudinal StudiesTime-Series Longitudinal ResearchPanel StudiesCohort StudiesMultiple-Group Trend DesignCross-Sectional StudiesHypothesis and CausalityIntervening and Interfering VariablesSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 10 Causality Research Designs—Lior Gideon.Preexperimental DesignsBefore-and-After DesignAfter-Only DesignAfter-with-Comparison DesignExperimental DesignsRandomized Experimental DesignRandomized Experimental Design with Comparison and ControlSolomon Four-Group Experimental DesignMulticenter Randomized Trial DesignEthics and Experimental Design in Criminal Justice ResearchQuasi-Experimental DesignsExample of Quasi-Experimental Design: Evaluation of a Prison-Based Therapeutic CommunitySummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 11 Deciding What Works What Doesn't and What LooksPromising—Lior Gideon.Methodological Quality ScalesThe SMSStatistical Conclusion Validity Construct ValidityPoints to Consider When Attempting to Promote the Use of Experimental Designs in Criminal Justice and Criminological ResearchSummaryReferencesPART V: SURVEY METHODOLOGYSurvey Methodology: An OutlineChapter 12 Survey Research—Lior Gideon.IntroductionSampling and Response Rate ErrorsNonsampling ErrorsTypes and Personalities of Survey InterviewersStructuring Survey QuestionnaireWhat Is a Questionnaire?Concept and ConstructDesign a QuestionnaireDouble-Barreled QuestionsDouble Negative Questions"Leading" or "Loaded" QuestionsBiased QuestionsPretestingFinalizing the SurveySummaryReferencesRecommended ReadingsRecommended WebsitesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 13 Nonsampling vs. Sampling Errors in Survey Research—Assael, H., and Keon, J.IntroductionTotal Survey Error and Its ComponentsResponse ErrorNonresponse ErrorData Collection and Survey DesignAnalysis of ResultsRandom Sampling Error vs. Nonsampling ErrorDirection of Response and Nonresponse BiasesResults by Questionnaire Delivery MethodResults by Pre-Alert TechniquesResults by Follow-Up TechniquesResults by Second DeliveryConclusionAppendix: Unbiased Estimates of Mean Squared Error for Total Survey Error, Nonsampling Error, and Sampling ErrorReferencesDiscussion QuestionsPART VI: QUALITATIVE METHODSChapter 14 Ethnographic Research—Gideon, L.Definitions and Goals of Ethnographic StudiesThe Holistic ApproachPhrasing Research Questions and Hypotheses in Ethnographic StudiesThe Ethnographic Research DesignSamplingTime-Frame samplingPeople SamplingEvent SamplingLocation or Place SamplingReliability and Validity in Ethnographic ResearchReliabilityValidityResponse and Behavior ReactionSocial RecognitionMultiple Method of Data Collection (Triangulation)SummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 15 Observations as Data Collection Methods—Gideon, L., and Moskos, P.Observations: Aims and Limitations Potential Biases and Criticism of Observation ResearchGrounded Theory: Motivation for Discretionary Police ArrestsTypes of ObservationsThe Pure ParticipantThe Pure ObserverActive Participant: The Participant as an ObserverActive Observer: The Observer as a Participant (Participant Observation)Observation MethodsWhat and Whom to Observe How to ObserveSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 16 Interviewing: An Introduction—Gideon, L., and Moskos, P.Interview Topics in Criminology and Criminal JusticeTypes of InterviewTypes of Questions to AskSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsChapter 17 Focus Group: An Introduction—Lieberman, C., and Gideon, L.The Evolution of Focus GroupsWhat Are Focus Groups, and When Should They Be Used?Sampling and Design IssuesParticipation and Interaction among ParticipantsAnalyzing Focus Group DataFocus Group AdvantagesFocus Group DisadvantagesSummaryReferencesDiscussion QuestionsPART VII: WRITINGChapter 18 Academic Writing: Research Proposal and Research Report—Gideon, L., and Barnes-Ceeney, K. IntroductionLiterature ReviewMethod Section ResultsDiscussionPolicy ImplicationsReferences/BibliographyMost Common Referencing StylesTitle PageAbstractList of FiguresList of TablesGlossaryIndex