The Social Life of Gender

Raka Ray is Professor of Sociology, South and Southeast Asia Studies, and Geography at the University of California, Berkeley. Her areas of specialization are gender and feminist theory, inequality, emerging middle classes, cultures of servitude, social movements and postcolonial sociology. Publications include Fields of Protest: Women’s Movements in India, Social Movements in India: Poverty, Power, and Politics (co-edited with Mary Katzenstein) Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity and Class in India (with Seemin Qayum), Both Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes (co-edited with Amita Baviskar), The Handbook of Gender, and many articles. Jennifer Carlson is an Assistant Professor in Sociology and Government & Public Policy at the University of Arizona. She received a PhD in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley in 2013. Her work examines the gendered dynamics of American gun culture, policing and public law enforcement, and conservative politics. She is the author of Citizen-Protectors: The Everyday Politics of Guns in an Age of Decline. In addition to writing for popular audiences in venues such as the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post, her work also appears in Gender & Society, Social Problems and other scholarly outlets.  Abigail Andrews is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Urban Studies at the University of California-San Diego. She received a PhD in Sociology from the University of California, Berkeley in 2014. Her research focuses on gender, political sociology, globalization, and migration between Mexico and the United States. Her work on undocumented migrant communities and transnational politics appears in Gender & Society, World Development and the Journal of Contemporary Ethnography.

• Acknowledgments - Dawn Dow, Katherine MasonAuthor Biographies - Katherine Maich, Gowri VijayakumarIntroduction: Conceptualizing GenderChapter 1: Power (Abigail Andrews)IntroductionThe Gender Orders of InstitutionsGender HegemoniesA History of Gender HegemoniesThe Ambiguities of "Progress"KeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 2: Position (Abigail Andrews)IntroductionThinking through Difference: Beyond Universality and ObjectivityStandpoint Theory: A Sociology for WomenFrom Thinking Gender to Thinking DifferenceBeyond Binary ThinkingAn Epistemology of DifferenceKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 3: Representation (Jennifer Carlson)IntroductionEmphasized FemininityThe Power of ImagesImperial Advertising and Commodity FetishismGendered Advertising and the Growth of Industrial Capitalism in the U.S.Norms of NeoliberalismHow Images HarmRepresenting Hegemonic MasculinityMarginalized MasculinitiesConclusion: Shifting Gendered NormsKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 4: Practice (Jennifer Carlson)IntroductionFrom Gender Identities to Gender PracticesGender AccountabilityInterrogating the Science of Sexual DifferenceEmbodiment: Bodies as the Effect of GenderDoing/Undoing Gender and SexKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 5: Gendering Sexuality (Oluwakemi M. Balogun & Kimberly Kay Hoang)IntroductionThe Development of Human Sexuality as a Field of InquiryEarly Feminist Interventions: Force versus ConsentContemporary Debates around Sex TraffickingThe Politics of Sexual Rights: LGBTQ Rights MovementFrom Sexuality to Sexualities: Power and PlayDoing Gender, Doing SexualitySexualized Intersections: Sexuality, Race, Class, and NationGlobalizing SexualitiesKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 6: Gendering Crime and Justice (Jennifer Carlson)IntroductionFrom Violence against Women to Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner ViolenceRape MythsThe Social Construction of Victims and CriminalsThe Paradox of Women′s Violence: Blurring Victimhood and CriminalityThe Gender Gap in Violence: Men and MasculinityGendering JusticeUndoing Violence, Recognizing GenderKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 7: Gendering Social Reproduction (Dawn Dow & Katherine Mason)IntroductionThe Social Organization of Biological Reproduction: Historical and Global PerspectivesAdoption and Fosterage: Decoupling Biological Reproduction from Child-RearingOutsourcing Reproduction and Reproducing InequalityWho is Responsible for Social Reproduction? Historical and Global PerspectivesWhat Does Reproductive Labor Entail?Debating Reproductive LaborThe Stalled Revolution: Persisting Gender Differences in Reproductive LaborThe Mommy Wars and the "Opt-Out Revolution"New Family Forms, New Forms of Social Reproduction? Legal and Technological InnovationsConclusionKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 8: Gendering Exploitation (Abigail Andrews and Raka Ray)IntroductionGender Norms and Inequities in Today′s WorkplaceOccupational Segregation by SexThe Glass Ceiling and the Glass EscalatorExplaining Sex Segregation at WorkThe Gender Wage GapOther Forms of DiscriminationBarriers to Union OrganizingGendering Neoliberal GlobalizationGendered Migration and the Global Care ChainThe Global Factory and the New Feminine WorkerMicrofinance, the “Responsible Woman,” and the Triple Burden of Public ServiceGender Transformations in the Informal EconomyReconstructing Masculinities on the MarginsThe End of Men? Or More Glass Ceiling?Beyond the Gendered EconomyKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 9: Politicizing Gender (Gowri Vijayakumar and Katherine Maich)IntroductionRethinking the History of Feminism: Waves and CurrentsNineteenth and Early 20th-Century Gender Activism in the United StatesFeminisms in the United States during the 1960s and 1970sThe 1980s and 1990s: Critiques of White Feminism, Queer Politics, and Transnational SolidaritiesThe 2000s and Beyond: Institutionalization, Backlash, and New DirectionsConclusionKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsChapter 10: Decolonizing Gender (Raka Ray)IntroductionConstructing the Global World OrderThe Effects of Struggles around DecolonizationColonial Positions and the Politics of KnowledgeThe Geopolitical Construction of GenderContextualizing Our Concepts: Ideas Mediated by CultureConclusionKeywordsQuestionsAssociated ReadingsReferences - Olawakemi Balogun, Kimberly Hoang