The Revolutionary Atlantic

Rafe Blaufarb (Ph.D., University of Michigan) is Ben Weider Eminent Scholar Chair in Napoleonic History and the Director of the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution at Florida State University. He is the author of The French Army, 1750-1820: Careers, Talent, Merit (2002), Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Refugees and Exiles on the Gulf Coast, 1815-1835 (2005), and Napoleon: Symbol for an Age (2007). He has published articles in a number of journals, including the AHR, Past and Present, Annales, and the Journal of Modern History.

• AcknowledgementsAbout the AuthorMap 1: The Atlantic in 1763Map 2: The Atlantic in 1830INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONE: THE ENGLIGHTENMENTThe GiantsJohn Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748)Denis Diderot, "Political Authority" (1751)Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762)History and Political TheoryHenry de Boulainvillier, History of the Ancient Government of France (1727)Nicholas Moreau, Lessons in Morality, Politics and Public Law drawn fromthe History of Our Monarchy (1773)Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, Observations on the History of France (1765)Enlightenment and RevolutionGuillame-Joseph Saige, The Citizen's Catechism (1788)CHAPTER TWO: THE STRAINS OF EMPIRESpainAlexander Von Humboldt on New Spain (Mexico) (1814)Economic Complaints (1828)Exploitation and Corruption: The View from the Top (1768)Exploitation and Corruption: The View from Below (1781)First Stirrings of Revolution (1799)FranceTaxing Saint-Domingue (1763-4)Great BritainRoyal Proclamation on the Western Territories (1763)Grievances of Western Settlers (1764)Reaction to the Quebec Act (1775)Adam Smith on Colonial Taxation (1776)A New Colonial Order (1764)Resistance: New York Petition to the House of Commons (1764)Resistance: The Irish House of Commons (1763)Resistance: The Jamaican House of Assembly (1769-83)CHAPTER THREE: ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONRepealing the Stamp Act (1766)Parliamentary Debate over the Withdrawal of the Stamp Act (1766)Parliamentary Testimony of Benjamin Franklin (1766)Conflict Intensifies (1766-1774)Samuel Adams, The Rights of the Colonists (1772)A Climate of Paranoia (1773)More Paranoia (1774)On the Brink (1774-75)The Continental Congress's Declaration and Resolves (1774)Edmund Burke, Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)Imperial ShockwavesThe View from Jamaica (1774)The View from Ireland (1776)The Breaking Point (1775-76)Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America Impartially Stated (1776)Declaration of Independence (1776)Loyalist Declaration of Dependence (1781)CHAPTER FOUR: WINNING AMERICAN INDEPENDENCERace, Slavery, and the WarLord Dunmore's Proclamation (1775)John Laurens Recommends Recruiting Slaves (1778)Alexander Hamilton's Response to the Idea (1779)George Washington's Reaction (1779)Slave Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature (1777)Pennslyvania Abolishes Slavery (1781)Native Americans and the American RevolutionOneida Declaration of Neutrality (1775)Continental Congress Seeks Iroquois Neutrality (1775)LoyalistsLafayette describes the American Revolution as a Civil War (1776-1790)Loyalist Song: "The Rebels"Show the Loyalists No Mercy (1779)A Government for Independent AmericaJohn Adams, Thoughts on Government (1776)Articles of Confederation (1777)The Constitution of 1787James Madison, Vices of the Political System of the United States (1787)The Problem of Slavery and Representation (1787)The Constitution (1787)Ratifying the ConstitutionJames Madison, Federalist Number 10 (1787)Antifederalist Number 17 (1788)Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776)Bill of Rights (1791)George Washington's Farewell Address (1796)CHAPTER FIVE: ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONResistance to the ParelmentsRemonstration of the Parlement of Paris Against the Acts of ViolenceCommitted Against the Different Parlements (1763)They Royal Session Known as the "Session of Flagellation" (1766)Remonstrations Leading to the Maupeou Coup (1770-71)Remonstration of the Cour des Aides (1775)Alternate Pathways to ReformMarquis de Mirabeau, Memoire sur les Etats Provinciaux (1750)Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Memoir on Municipalities (1787)Jacques Necker, Account Given to the King (1781)The Pre-Revolution (1787-88)The Assembly of Notables (1787)Parlement's Remonstration against the Stamp Tax (1787)Radicalization and the Shifting Alignment of Political ConflictDeliberation to be Taken by the Third Estate in all the Municipalities of theFrench Kingdom (1788)Parlement's Denunciation of the Deliberation to be Taken (1788)Abbé Sieyes, What is the Third Estate? (1789)Memoir of the Princes (1788)Result of the Council on the Composition of the Estates-General (1788)The Nation SpeaksCahier of the Clergy of Rouen (1789)Cahier of the Nobility of Rouen (1789)Cahier of the Third-Estate of Rouen (1789)Cahier of the Barrel-Makers of Rouen (1789)La Val de la Haye (1789)CHAPTER SIX: THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONFrom Estates-General to the National AssemblyArthur Young, Travels in France (1789)Dismantling the Old RegimeA Wigmaker Recounts the Great Fear at Cremieu (1789)The Marquis d'Agoult Describes the Night of August 4th (1789)Decree of 10 August 1789The New Regime...and Its LimitsDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789)Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Women (1791)Maximillian Robespierre, Speed Against Property Qualifications to Exercisethe Full Rights of Citizenship (1791)Abbé Grégoire, Motion in Favor of the Jews (1789)The Church's Place in the New RegimeThe Constitutionality of Corps: Le Chapellier (1789)The Clerical Position: Archbishop Boisgelin (1789)The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)Reaction to the RevolutionEdmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)Thomas Paine, The Rights of Men (1791)Revolution and CounterrevolutionThe Jacobin Crusade (1792)The King's Flight (1791)WarThe Declaration of War (1792)The Brunswick Manifesto (1792)The Marseillaise (1792)The Levy en Masse (1793)The Republican RevolutionSaint-Just, Republican Institutions (1794)Maximillian Robespierre, The Principles of Political Morality (1794)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1793)The DirectoryDrafting the Directorial Constitution (1795)Inaugural Message of the Directory to the French People (1795)Doctrine of Gracchus Babeuf (1794)The Brumaire Coup and ConsulateConsular Address to the French People (1799)The Concordat (1802)The Civil Code (1804)The EmpireThe Motion to Make Bonaparte a Hereditary Ruler (1804)Napoleon's New Nobility (1807)Why the French Submitted to Napoleon's RuleThe RestorationLouis XVIII's Constitutional Charter (1814)Reactionary Europe (1820)Great Britain and European Reaction (1820)CHAPTER SEVEN: TOWARD THE HAITIAN REVOLUTIONAbolitionist Sentiment in Pre-Revolutionary FranceThe Society of the Friends of the Blacks (1788)The Beginning of the French RevolutionThe Planter's Fears of Revolutionary Radicalism (1789)Planter Grievances and Aspirations (1789)A Planter Pamphlet (1789)Divisions Among Whites (1789)The Atlantic Merchants Weigh In (1789)The Colonial Order Rips Itself Apart (1791)Free People of ColorThe Free People of Color Enter the Scene (1789)The Abbé Grégoire Intervenes (1789)The Assembly Debates Equality for the Free People of ColorThe Colonial Committee's Initial Approach (1790)Abbé Grégoire, Letter to the Lovers of Humanity (1790)The Debate Over Race and Citizenship (1791)The Jamaicans React (1791)The French Reaction: The Political Right (1791)The French Reaction: The Political Left (1791)CHAPTER EIGHT: EMANCIPATION AND INDEPENDENCEEmancipationSonthonax's Emancipation Proclamation (1793)The National Convention Ratifies Emancipation (1794)Post-EmancipationPolverel's Labor Regulations (1794-94)Toussaint Louverture's Labor Regulations (1800)Toussaint's Constitution (1801)Napoleon's ExpeditionThe Fate of Louisiana (1802)The Fate of the French Expedition (1801)Defining the Meaning of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence and Abjuration of the French Nation (1804)A Black Republic (1804)Foreign Reactions to Haitian Independence (1804)African American Reactions (1827)Independent HaitiHaiti in 1807Haiti in 1826Colonial Fears of Haiti (1812)Haiti As Sanctuary (1817)CHAPTER NINE: THE STRUGGLES FOR LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCEForerunners of IndependenceCount de Aranda's Secret Report to King Carlos IIIJuan Pablo Viscardo y Guzman, Letter to the Spanish Americans (1810)Francisco de Miranda, Draft Constitution for Spanish America (late 1790s)The Napoleonic Wars and Latin American IndpendenceProclamation of King Joseph to the Spanish Americans (1809)Francisco Martinez Marina, Theory of Cortes (1813)Colonial Representation in the Cortes (1810)Manifesto to the Mexican People from Their Representatives to the Cortes(1813)Declaring IndependenceVenezuelan Declaration of Independence (1811)Argentinian Independence Implied (1811)Mexican Declaration of Independence (1813)Mexican Independence (1810-1815)Excommunications fo Hidalgo (1810)Hidalgo's Manifesto against His Excommunication (1810)Morelos, Sentiments of the Nation (1813)The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Latin American IndependenceBolivar's Proclamation of War to the Death (1813)Bolivar's Jamaica Letter (1815)Bolivarian Naval Dominance (1818)Roussin, "Report on Venezuela and New Granada" (1820)State of Revolution in South America (1818)CHAPTER TEN: THE CONTOURS OF INDEPENDENCEA New World of Republics?Bolivar, "Angostura Address" (1819)Mexico Achieves IndependenceAddress of Colonel Quiroga to Ferdinand VII (1820)Plan of Iguala (1821)Brazilian IndependenceManifesto of the Prince Regent to the People of Brazil (1822)Latin American Independence and the Atlantic PowersCircular of Spain to the European Government (1817)Canning's Memorandum to the Cabinet on Spanish American Policy (1822)The "Polignac Memorandum" (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823)Latin American Criticism of the Monroe DoctrineBernardo Monteagudo, "Essay on the Need for a General Federation betweenthe Hispano-American States" (1824)CONCLUSION

Encompassing the major rebellions that transformed the Atlantic world in the Age of Revolutions, The Revolutionary Atlantic is a major achievement. Blaufarb's collection of documents records the voices of elites and masses alike, and is remarkably coherent thanks to its focus on political ideas, not events. Highly recommended for students and scholars."