The Power of Critical Thinking

Effective Reasoning About Ordinary and Extraordinary Claims

Häftad, Engelska, 2024

1 309 kr

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The Power of Critical Thinking: Effective Reasoning About Ordinary and Extraordinary Claims is the #1 selling critical thinking textbook, primarily intended for the Critical Thinking, informal logic, Critical Thought and Reasoning courses. These courses, and where this book is successful, is taught out of the Philosophy department- not to be confused with the student success oriented Critical Thinking course. It explores the essentials of critical reasoning, argumentation, logic, and argumentative essay writing while also incorporating important topics that most other texts leave out, such as "inference to the best explanation," scientific reasoning, evidence and authority, visual reasoning, and obstacles to critical thinking. The book is praised for Vaughn's clear, concise, and lively writing, its real-world applications, and its focus on teaching students how to write critically and effectively-covered in Appendix B (Essays for Evaluation) and Appendix E (Critical Thinking and Writing). People also appreciate that the book is more economically priced than most competing texts. The text integrates many pedagogical features, including hundreds of diverse exercises, examples, and illustrations; text boxes that apply critical thinking to student experience; step-by-step guidelines for evaluating claims, arguments, and explanations; a glossary of important terms; and many reminders, summaries, and review notes.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2024-06-06
Mått198 x 244 x 30 mm
Vikt1 474 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor648
Upplaga8
FörlagOUP USA
ISBN9780197768204

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PrefacePART ONE: BASICS Chapter 1. The Power of Critical ThinkingWHY IT MATTERSHOW IT WORKSClaims and ReasonsReasons and ArgumentsArguments in the RoughKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 2. Obstacles to Critical ThinkingALL HAIL THE SELFALL HAIL MY GROUPTHE TOUGHEST MENTAL OBSTACLESDenying Contrary EvidenceLooking for Confirming EvidenceMotivated ReasoningPreferring Available EvidenceYOUR BRAIN ON SOCIAL MEDIAMere Exposure EffectIllusion-of-Truth EffectFalse Consensus EffectThe Dunning-Kruger EffectPHILOSOPHICAL OBSTACLESSubjective RelativismSocial RelativismSkepticismKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 3. Making Sense of ArgumentsARGUMENT BASICSEXERCISEJUDGING ARGUMENTSEXERCISESFINDING MISSING PARTSEXERCISEARGUMENT PATTERNSEXERCISESDIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTSEXERCISESASSESSING LONG ARGUMENTS EXERCISESKEY WORDSSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSPART TWO: REASONS Chapter 4. Reasons for Belief and DoubtWHEN CLAIMS CONFLICTEXPERTS AND NONEXPERTSPERSONAL EXPERIENCEImpairmentExpectationInnumeracy and ProbabilityKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 5. Media Manipulation: Fake News, Bias, and AdvertisingFAKE NEWSTelling Fake from RealMEDIA BIASObjectivity and BiasOpinion, Analysis, AdvocacyLiberal and Conservative BiasADVERTISINGHow Advertising WorksInternet AdvertisingPolitical AdvertisingKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 6. Fallacies and PersuadersFALLACIES: IRRELEVANT PREMISESGenetic FallacyCompositionDivisionAppeal to the PersonEquivocationAppeal to PopularityAppeal to TraditionAppeal to IgnoranceAppeal to EmotionRed HerringStraw ManTwo Wrongs Make a RightFALLACIES: UNACCEPTABLE PREMISESBegging the QuestionFalse DilemmaDecision-Point FallacySlippery SlopeHasty GeneralizationFaulty AnalogyPERSUADERS: RHETORICAL MOVESInnuendoEuphemisms and DysphemismsStereotypingRidiculeRhetorical DefinitionsKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSPART THREE: ARGUMENTS Chapter 7. Deductive Reasoning: Propositional LogicCONNECTIVES AND TRUTH VALUESConjunctionDisjunctionNegationConditionalEXERCISESCHECKING FOR VALIDITYSimple ArgumentsTricky ArgumentsStreamlined EvaluationEXERCISESPROOF OF VALIDITYRules of InferenceRules of ReplacementEXERCISESKEY WORDSSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 8. Deductive Reasoning: Categorical LogicSTATEMENTS AND CLASSESEXERCISESTRANSLATIONS AND STANDARD FORMTermsQuantifiersEXERCISESDIAGRAMMING CATEGORICAL STATEMENTSEXERCISESSIZING UP CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMSEXERCISESTHE SQUARE OF OPPOSITIONCATEGORICAL EQUIVALENCEEXERCISESKEY WORDSSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 9. Inductive ReasoningENUMERATIVE INDUCTIONSample SizeRepresentativenessOpinion PollsEXERCISESANALOGICAL INDUCTIONRelevant SimilaritiesRelevant DissimilaritiesThe Number of Instances ComparedDiversity among CasesEXERCISESCAUSAL ARGUMENTSTesting for CausesCausal ConfusionsNecessary and Sufficient ConditionsEXERCISESKEY WORDSSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSPART FOUR: EXPLANATIONS Chapter 10. Inference to the Best ExplanationEXPLANATIONS AND INFERENCEEXERCISESTHEORIES AND CONSISTENCYTHEORIES AND CRITERIATestabilityFruitfulnessScopeSimplicityConservatismEXERCISESTELLING GOOD THEORIES FROM BADA Doomed FlightAn Amazing CureEXERCISESKEY WORDSSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 11. Judging Scientific TheoriesSCIENCE AND NOT SCIENCETHE SCIENTIFIC METHODTESTING SCIENTIFIC THEORIESJUDGING SCIENTIFIC THEORIESCopernicus versus PtolemyEvolution versus CreationismEXERCISESSCIENCE AND WEIRD THEORIESMAKING WEIRD MISTAKESLeaping to the Weirdest TheoryMixing What Seems with What IsMisunderstanding the PossibilitiesJUDGING WEIRD THEORIESCrop CirclesTalking with the DeadEXERCISESSUMMARYFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 12. Critical Thinking in MoralityMORAL ARGUMENTSMORAL PREMISESMORAL THEORIESEvaluating Moral TheoriesTwo Important TheoriesA COHERENT WORLDVIEWKEY WORDSSUMMARYEXERCISESFIELD PROBLEMSSELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZINTEGRATIVE EXERCISESWRITING ASSIGNMENTSAPPENDIX A. The Truth About Philosophy MajorsAPPENDIX B. Essays for EvaluationEssay 1 Death Penalty Discriminates against Black Crime VictimsEssay 2 Marine ParksEssay 3 A Feminist Defense of PornographyEssay 4 A Defense of HomosexualityEssay 5 More Innocents Die When We Don't Have Capital PunishmentEssay 6 What's Wrong with Adultery?Essay 7 A Pat-Down Is Better Than a Blow-UpEssay 8 The Cohabitation EpidemicEssay 9 Not Being Vaccinated Is Not AcceptableEssay 10 Women and the Afghanistan Peace ProcessEssay 11 A Deviance from God's NormEssay 12 Marriage Still Evolving, as EverEssay 13 Slouching toward ChimerasEssay 14 Fighting Islamic Extremists Who Stifle Free SpeechEssay 15 Is Sluttishness a Feminist Statement?Essay 16 Torture: Time for Congress to End the DebateEssay 17 Torture: Severe Interrogations WorkEssay 18 Freedom of Expression: Protect Student Speech-Even