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Huddled on dank ships and tossed about in the waves of the Atlantic, English Puritans envisioned a new society predicated on the values of individual and communal humility. Pride, a pervasive sin, jeopardized their very survival and incited God’s wrath. The first generation of New England settlers, deeply affected by the miseries of their migration experience, crafted New England society on the dichotomy of pride and humility. Embracing demonstrative suffering as essential, Puritans embraced perpetual martyrdom, often taking great pride in the extent of their humiliation. This ideology affected self-perceptions and informed legal codes, theology, and community values. Anxieties around pride resulted in violent efforts to eradicate “proud” individuals, but also whole communities as demonstrated by the Pequot War (1636-37). The dichotomy of pride and humility permeated all aspects of New England Puritanism.
Sandra Slater, Ph.D. (2009), University of Kentucky, is an Associate Professor of History at the College of Charleston and a scholar of the early modern Atlantic world who focuses primarily on New England. Her work has appeared in the Journal of Early American History, in Church History, and in French Colonial History.
AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 “The Lord’s Wonderfull Terror and Mercy”: Pride and Passage on the Atlantic1 Migration2 Suffering on the Sea3 Sailors4 Storms and Tempests5 Deliverance6 Incorporation and Identity2 “Pride and Spirituall Whoardoms”: Pride and Humility in Early New England1 Proud Peoples2 Collective Humility3 Understanding Pride4 Seeking and Performing Humility5 A Prouder Sex6 Self-love and Sexual Sins3 “The New Creature”: Performing and Purging Pride1 Public Confession and Humiliation2 Paradox of Pride3 Anxieties and Lamentations4 “To Humble Ourselves Together”: Public Humility in Early New England1 Meanings of Fasts and Humiliations2 Fast Day Sermons3 Performing Humiliation4 Days of Thanksgiving5 “Full of Proud Expressions”: Civil and Church Censure in Early New England1 Public Shaming in New England2 New England Legal Codes3 Pride and Punishment4 Drunkenness and Self-Shame5 Proud Speech6 Humility and Servitude7 Confession and Repentance6 “Pride and Arraigning of Spirit”: Conflict and Strife in Early New England1 Plymouth and Reverend Lyford2 Plymouth and Thomas Morton3 Massachusetts Bay and the Antinomian Controversy (John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson)7 “Great Pride and Insolence”: Vehement Violence in the Pequot War1 Proud Pequots2 Spiritual Warfare against Pride3 John Stone and John Oldham, the Importance of Repentance4 Mocking Humility5 Rejecting God, Refusing Humility6 Fort Mystic7 Understanding the Pequot WarConclusionBibliographyIndex