Despite voters' distaste for corruption, corrupt politicians frequently get reelected. This Element provides a framework for understanding the conditions under which corrupt politicians are reelected. One unexplored source of electoral accountability is court rulings on candidate malfeasance, which are increasingly determining politicians' prospects. I find that (1) low-income voters - in contrast to higher income voters - are responsive to such rulings. Unlike earlier studies, we explore multiple tradeoffs voters weigh when confronting a corrupt candidate, including the candidate's party, policy positions, and personal attributes. The results also surprisingly show (2) low-income.
1. Presidential directives: constitutional and legal considerations; 2. Presidential directives in American history; 3. Presidents Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and William Clinton; 4. Presidents George W. Bush, and Barack Obama; 5. Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden; 6. The impact and implications of Federal court action on presidential directives; References.
David Coen, Julia Kreienkamp, Tom Pegram, David (University College London) Coen, Julia (University College London) Kreienkamp, Tom (University College London) Pegram
Michael D. Siciliano, Weijie Wang, Qian Hu, Alejandra Medina, David Krackhardt, Chicago) Siciliano, Michael D. (University of Illinois, Qian (University of Central Florida) Hu, Chicago) Medina, Alejandra (University of Illinois, Pennsylvania) Krackhardt, David (Carnegie Mellon University, Michael D Siciliano
Matthew Potoski, Ole Helby Petersen, Lena Brogaard, Trevor Brown, Santa Barbara) Potoski, Matthew (University of California, Ole Helby (Roskilde University) Petersen, Lena (Roskilde University) Brogaard, Trevor (The Ohio State University) Brown