Sustainable Surface Water Management

The Editors Susanne M. Charlesworth is Professor of Urban Physical Geography at Coventry University in the Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience. Colin A. Booth is Associate Head of Research and Scholarship for the School of Architecture and the Built Environment and is Deputy Director of the Centre for Floods, Communities and Resilience at the University of the West of England, Bristol.

• List of Contributors xvAbout the Editors xixSection 1 Introduction to the Book 1Chapter 1 An Overture of Sustainable Surface Water Management 3Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth1.1 Introduction 31.2 Surface Water Management 31.3 Sustainable Surface Water Management 51.4 Organisation of the Book 5References 9Section 2 Sustainable Surface Water Management in Context 11Chapter 2 Back to the Future? History and Contemporary Application of Sustainable Drainage Techniques 13Susanne M. Charlesworth, Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda and Larry W. Mays2.1 Introduction 132.2 ‘Sustainability’? 142.3 Rainwater Harvesting in Antiquity 152.4 Water Quality Improvement 192.5 Water Quantity Reduction: Sub‐Surface Drainage 232.6 Water Storage 242.7 Reduction in Water Demand: Greywater Recycling 242.8 Reducing Water Velocity 252.9 Non‐Structural Approaches to Sustainable Water Management 262.10 Conclusions 28References 28Chapter 3 Surface Water Strategy, Policy and Legislation 31Frank Warwick3.1 Introduction 313.2 Legislative Hierarchies 323.3 Case Study – The United Kingdom 333.4 Comparison of UK Approaches with Other Countries 413.5 Conclusions 42References 42Chapter 4 Sustainable Drainage Systems: Operation and Maintenance 45Neil Berwick4.1 Introduction 454.2 What is Operation and Maintenance and Why is it Important? 464.3 Inspection, Reporting and Maintenance 474.4 Maintenance Schedules and Planned Maintenance 504.5 Other Considerations that Will Impact on Maintenance 524.6 Conclusions 54References 55Section 3 Functions of Sustainable Drainage Systems 57Chapter 5 Water Quantity: Attenuation of the Storm Peak 59Craig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Frank Warwick5.1 Introduction 595.2 Conventional Drainage, Water Flow and Volume 595.3 Existing Flood Management 605.4 Water Quantity 615.5 History of SuDS Implementation 625.6 The Management Train 655.7 Retrofit 705.8 New Build 715.9 Flow Control 725.10 Conclusions 72References 74Chapter 6 Urban Water and Sediment Quality 79Lian Lundy6.1 Introduction 796.2 Sources of Pollutants Mobilised by Urban Runoff 796.3 Quality of Urban Runoff Originating from a Range of Land Use Types 806.4 Quality and Behaviour of Sediment in Urban Receiving Water Bodies 826.5 Treatment of Urban Runoff Using SuDS 836.6 Pollutant Removal Processes that Occur in SuDS 856.7 Quality and Behaviour of Sediment in SuDS 87References 88Chapter 7 Sustainable Drainage Systems: Delivering Multiple Benefits for People and Wildlife 91Andy Graham7.1 Introduction 917.2 Getting Better SuDS 927.3 SuDS and How They Support Biodiversity 937.4 Involving People 957.5 Designing SuDS for People and Wildlife 967.6 SuDS Management Trains and Their Wildlife Benefits 987.7 Community Managed and Wildlife‐Rich SuDS – a Case Study of Springhill Cohousing, Stroud, Gloucestershire 103References 104Chapter 8 Amenity: Delivering Value for Society 105Stella Apostolaki and Alison Duffy8.1 Emergence of the Amenity Concept 1058.2 Amenity, Recreation and Biodiversity in the Built Environment 1078.3 SuDS Amenity and Sustainable Development 1108.4 Reviewing the Public Perception of the Concept of Amenity and SuDS 1118.5 Conclusions 112References 112Chapter 9 Biodegradation in Green Infrastructure 115Alan P. Newman and Stephen J. Coupe9.1 Introduction 1159.2 Environmental Conditions and Requirements for Biodegradation 1169.3 Biofilms: What They Are, What They Do and How They Work 1189.4 Biodegradation in Green SuDS 1199.5 Nitrogen in Green SuDS 1229.6 Conclusions 123References 124Chapter 10 Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Hard Infrastructure 127Stephen J. Coupe, Alan P. Newman and Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda10.1 Introduction 12710.2 Hard SuDS Structure, Design and Related Technologies 12810.3 Evidence of Biodegradation in Hard SuDS 13010.4 Hard SuDS Microbiology and Biofilms 13210.5 Design and Diversification from Standard Hard SuDS 13410.6 Other Hard SuDS Biodegradation Studies 13510.7 Design Optimisation for Catastrophic Pollution Events 13610.8 Conclusions 138References 139Chapter 11 Use of Geosynthetics for Sustainable Drainage 142Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda, Elena Blanco‐Fernandez, Stephen J. Coupe, Jaime Carpio, Alan P. Newman and Daniel Castro‐Fresno11.1 Introduction to Geosynthetics 14211.2 Classifications, Functions and Applications of Geosynthetics 14311.3 Application of Geotextiles in SuDS 14511.4 Secondary Uses for Urban Water 15011.5 Conclusions 151References 152Section 4 Multiple Benefits of Sustainable Drainage Systems 157Chapter 12 Natural Flood Risk Management and its Role in Working with Natural Processes 159Tom Lavers and Susanne M. Charlesworth12.1 Introduction 15912.2 Defining NFRM 15912.3 Examples of NFRM Studies 16112.4 Significance of NFRM in Meeting Policy Agendas 17112.5 Conclusions 172References 172Statuses 176Chapter 13 Sustainable Drainage Systems and Energy: Generation and Reduction 177Amal Faraj‐Lloyd, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Stephen J. Coupe13.1 Introduction 17713.2 Ground Source Heat Extraction 17813.3 Pervious Paving Systems 17813.4 Results of Monitoring the EcoHouse 18213.5 The Hanson Stewartby Office, Bedford, UK 18413.6 Reducing Energy Use: The Use of Green and Blue Infrastructure on Buildings 18613.7 Conclusions 188References 189Chapter 14 Carbon Sequestration and Storage: The Case for Green Roofs in Urban Areas 193Brad Rowe14.1 Introduction 19314.2 The Importance of Carbon Sequestration 19314.3 Coupling the Stormwater Management Benefits of Green Roofs with Carbon Sequestration 19514.4 Carbon Sequestration on Green Roofs 19714.5 Embodied Energy 19814.6 Improving Carbon Sequestration Potential 19914.7 Conclusions 201References 201Chapter 15 Dual‐Purpose Rainwater Harvesting System Design 205Peter Melville‐Shreeve, Sarah Ward and David Butler15.1 Introduction 20515.2 RWH and SuDS in England and Wales 20615.3 Approaches to Stormwater Source Control Using RwH in England and Wales 20715.4 Integrating Stormwater Source Control into RwH System Design 20915.5 Conclusions 215Acknowledgements 216References 216Chapter 16 Progress with Integration of Ecosystem Services in SuDS 218Mark Everard, Robert J. McInnes and Hazem Gouda16.1 Introduction 21816.2 Potential Contribution of SuDS Types to Ecosystem Services 22016.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Service Outcomes from SuDS Schemes 22116.4 Recognising the Multi‐Functional Opportunities of SuDS 22816.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 230References 230Section 5 Integrating Sustainable Surface Water Management into the Built Environment 233Chapter 17 Whole Life Costing and Multiple Benefits of Sustainable Drainage 235Jessica E. Lamond17.1 Introduction 23517.2 Whole Life Costing 23617.3 Multiple Benefits of SuDS 23817.4 Conclusions 241Acknowledgement 242References 242Chapter 18 Green Roof and Permeable Paving Retrofit to Mitigate Pluvial Flooding 245Sara Wilkinson, David G. Proverbs and Jessica E. Lamond18.1 Introduction 24518.2 Types of Green Roof for Stormwater Management 24618.3 Building Retrofit Characteristics 24718.4 Drivers and Barriers to the Uptake of SuDS in Melbourne 25318.5 Estimation of Runoff Under Different Scenarios 25518.6 Conclusions and Further Research 255Acknowledgements 256References 256Chapter 19 Contemporary Landscapes and Buildings of Motorway Service Areas 259Colin A. Booth and Anne‐Marie McLaughlin19.1 Introduction 25919.2 Motorway Service Areas in the UK 25919.3 Exemplar Motorway Service Areas 26019.4 Conclusions 267References 267Chapter 20 Modelling for Design 270Craig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Frank Warwick20.1 Introduction 27020.2 One‐Dimensional Modelling 27020.3 Two‐Dimensional Flood Modelling 27120.4 One‐Dimensional and Two‐Dimensional Modelling 27120.5 Three‐Dimensional Modelling 27120.6 Modelling Uncertainty 27120.7 Validation of Models: Monitoring of SuDS Management Trains 27220.8 Scale of Drainage Modelling 27220.9 Issues with SuDS Modelling 27420.10 Case Study: Modelling the Impacts of a SuDS Management Train at Prior Deram Park, Coventry, UK, Using MicrodrainageR 27620.11 Case Study: Decision Support Tool for Coventry, UK 27820.12 Site Design 28020.13 Conclusions 281References 281Chapter 21 Public Perceptions of Sustainable Drainage Devices 285Glyn Everett21.1 Introduction 28521.2 Public Preferences and Understanding of Flood Risk Management 28621.3 The Sustainability of SuDS 28621.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Portland, Oregon, USA 28821.5 Co‐development and Co‐ownership 29221.6 Conclusions 293References 293Section 6 Global Sustainable Surface Water Management 299Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Out of the Temperate Zone: The Humid Tropics 301Susanne M. Charlesworth and Margaret Mezue22.1 Introduction 30122.2 Modification of the Urban Hydrological Cycle by Urbanisation in Tropical Countries 30322.3 Vegetated Devices 30322.4 Case Study: Sustainable Drainage in Malaysia 30822.5 Conclusions 312References 313Chapter 23 Sustainable Drainage Systems in Brazil 315Marcelo Gomes Miguez and Aline Pires Verol23.1 Introduction 31523.2 The History of SuDS in Brazil – an Academic Perspective 31623.3 Legal Framework 31923.4 Case Examples 32023.5 Concluding Remarks 325References 326Chapter 24 Interim Measures Towards Sustainable Drainage in the Informal Settlements of South Africa 328Kevin Winter24.1 Introduction 32824.2 Overview of the Development of Informal Settlements in South Africa 33024.3 Co‐Management of Drainage 33024.4 Langrug: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement 33124.5 Research‐Led Efforts: First Approach 33324.6 Discussion on Research‐Led Approach to Drainage 33524.7 Building Partnerships: A Second Approach 33724.8 Provincial Government Intervention 33924.9 Biomimicry at Work: Greywater Swales 33924.10 Sustainable Urban Drainage Centre 33924.11 Discussion 34124.12 Conclusions 343References 343Chapter 25 Low Impact Development in the USA 345Bruce K. Ferguson25.1 Introduction 34525.2 Unifying Legislation 34525.3 Stormwater Management Practices 34625.4 Low‐Impact Development 34825.5 Stormwater and Urban Agendas 35025.6 Choices in Challenging Urban Districts 352References 354Chapter 26 Sustainable Drainage Systems in Spain 355Valerio C. Andres‐Valeri, Sara Perales‐Momparler, Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda, Ignacio Andres‐Domenech, Daniel Castro‐Fresno and Ignacio Escuder‐Bueno26.1 Introduction 35526.2 SuDS Case Studies in the Northern Regions of Spain 35726.3 Integration of SuDS into New Urban Developments 36126.4 SuDS Retrofitting Case Studies in the Mediterranean Region 36226.5 Conclusions 366References 368Chapter 27 Sustainable Drainage at the City Scale: A Case Study in Glasgow, Scotland 370Neil McLean27.1 Introduction 37027.2 SuDS and Legislation 37127.3 The Importance of Multi‐Functionality 37227.4 Design Studies 37327.5 Nitshill Design Study 37527.6 City Centre Surface Water Management 37627.7 Funding 37727.8 The Future 378References 378Chapter 28 Water Sensitive Design in Auckland, New Zealand 380Robyn Simcock28.1 Introduction 38028.2 WSD in Auckland: Drivers of Design 38228.3 Case Study: Wynyard Quarter 38828.4 Conclusions and Parting Thought 389References 390Section 7 Summary of the Book 393Chapter 29 Challenges for the Future: Are Sustainable Drainage Systems Really Sustainable? 395Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth29.1 Introduction 39529.2 Barriers and Drivers 39629.3 What is the Future for SuDS? 39829.4 Conclusions 399References 399Index 400