The Editors Bernhard Hauke is CEO of bauforumstahl, the association of the German Steel Construction Industry Markus Kuhnhenne is Professor of Sustainability of Metal Constructions at RWTH Aachen University Mark Lawson is Professor of Construction Systems at the University of Surrey Milan Veljkovic is Professor of Steel and Composite Structures at the Technical University of Delft

• List of contributors xiPreface xvii1 What does ‘sustainable construction’ mean? An overview 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 The influence of the building sector 31.1.2 Can we afford sustainability? 61.1.3 How can we achieve sustainability in the building sector? 61.2 Aims of sustainable construction 71.2.1 Ecological aims 81.2.2 Social aims 101.2.3 Economic aims 11References 122 Legal background and codes in Europe 132.1 Normative background 142.2 Comments on EN 15804 and EN 15978 142.2.1 Modular life-cycle stages 142.2.2 Comparability of EPDs for construction products 162.2.3 Functional equivalent 172.2.4 Scenarios at product or building level 172.2.5 Reuse and recycling in module D 182.2.6 Aggregation of the information modules 192.3 Legal framework 192.3.1 EU waste framework directive and waste management acts in European countries: product responsibility 192.3.2 EU construction products regulation 222.3.3 EU building directive and energy saving ordinance 232.3.4 Focus increasingly on construction products 262.3.5 EU industrial emissions directive 26References 273 Basic principles of sustainability assessment 293.1 The life-cycle concept 293.1.1 What is the meaning of the life-cycle concept? 293.1.2 Life-cycle phases of a building 293.2 Life-cycle planning 323.2.1 Building Information Modeling in steel construction 323.2.2 Integrated and life-cycle-oriented planning 393.3 Life-cycle assessment and functional unit 453.3.1 Environmental impact categories 473.4 Life-cycle costing 483.4.1 Life-cycle costing – cost application including cost planning 513.4.2 Net present value method 523.4.3 Life-cycle cost analysis 533.5 Energy efficiency 593.6 Environmental product declarations 603.6.1 Institute Construction and Environment (IBU) – Program Operator for EPDs in Germany 623.6.2 The ECO Platform 633.7 Background databases 653.8 European open LCA data network 663.8.1 ÖKOBAUDAT 663.8.2 eLCA, an LCA tool for buildings 683.8.3 LCA – a European approach 713.9 Environmental data for steel construction products 723.9.1 The recycling potential concept 723.9.2 EPD for structural steel 783.9.3 EPD for hot-dip galvanized structural steel 803.9.4 EPDs for profiled sheets and sandwich panels 813.10 KBOB-recommendation – LCA database from Switzerland 853.10.1 KBOB-recommendation as a basis for planning tools 863.10.2 Environmental impact assessment within the KBOB-recommendation 873.10.3 Environmental impacts of hot-rolled steel products 883.10.4 Example using data from the KBOB-recommendation 90References 934 Sustainable steel construction 974.1 Environmental aspects of steel production 974.2 Planning and constructing 994.2.1 Sustainability aspects of tender and contracting 994.3 Sustainable building quality 1024.3.1 Space efficiency 1024.3.2 Flexibility and building conversion 1054.3.3 Design for deconstruction, reuse and recycling 1084.4 Multistorey buildings 1174.4.1 Introduction 1174.4.2 Building forms 1204.4.3 Floor plan design 1224.4.4 Building height and height between floors 1244.4.5 Flexibility and variability 1244.4.6 Demands placed on the structural system 1264.4.7 Floor systems 1284.4.8 Columns 1324.4.9 Innovative joint systems 1334.5 High strength steel 1344.5.1 Metallurgical background 1364.5.2 Designing in accordance with Eurocodes 1414.6 Batch hot-dip galvanizing 1414.6.1 Introduction 1414.6.2 The galvanizing process 1444.6.3 Batch galvanized coatings 1444.6.4 Sustainability 1464.6.5 Example: 72 years young – the Lydlinch Bridge 1504.7 UPE channels 1524.8 Optimisation of material consumption in steel columns 1554.9 Composite beams 1574.9.1 Composite beams with moderate high strength materials 1594.9.2 Examples for high strength composite beams 1604.9.3 Economic application of composite beams 1614.10 Fire-protective coatings in steel construction 1664.10.1 Possible ways of designing the fire protection system 1664.10.2 Fire protection of steel using intumescent coatings 1664.10.3 The structure of fire-protective coating systems 1674.10.4 Sustainability of fire-protection systems 1684.11 Building envelopes in steel 1714.11.1 Energy-efficient building envelope design 1714.11.2 Thermal performance and air-tightness of sandwich constructions 1734.11.3 Effective thermal insulation by application of steel cassette profiles 1824.12 Floor systems 1904.12.1 Steel as key component for multifunctional flooring systems 1904.12.2 Slimline floor system 1974.12.3 Profiled composite decks for thermal inertia 2034.12.4 Thermal activation of steel floor systems 2084.12.5 Steel decks supporting zero energy concepts 2104.12.6 Optimisation of multistorey buildings with beam-slab systems 2134.13 Sustainability analyses and assessments of steel bridges 2194.13.1 State of the art 2194.13.2 Methods for bridge analyses 2244.13.3 External effects and external costs 2254.13.4 Life-cycle assessment 2264.13.5 Uncertainty 2274.14 Steel construction for renewable energy 2294.14.1 Sustainability assessment concept 2324.14.2 Sustainability characteristics 235References 2375 Sustainability certification labels for buildings 2475.1 Major certification schemes 2485.1.1 DGNB and BNB 2495.1.2 LEED 2565.1.3 BREEAM 2575.2 Effect of structural design in the certification schemes 2665.2.1 Life-cycle assessments and environmental product declarations 2665.2.2 Risks to the environment and humans 2715.2.3 Costs during the life cycle 2745.2.4 Flexibility of the building 2775.2.5 Recycling of construction materials, dismantling and demolition capability 2805.2.6 Execution of construction work and building site 284References 2886 Case studies and life-cycle assessment comparisons 2896.1 LCA comparison of single-storey buildings 2896.1.1 Structural systems 2896.1.2 LCA information 2936.1.3 Frame and foundations – structural system 2946.1.4 Column without foundation – single structural member 2986.1.5 Girder – single structural member 3006.1.6 Building envelope 3006.1.7 Comparison in the operational phase 3016.1.8 Conclusions for single-storey buildings 3036.2 LCA comparison of low rise office buildings 3056.2.1 The low rise model building 3056.2.2 LCA comparison of the structural system 3076.3 LCA comparison of office buildings 3106.3.1 LCA information 3126.3.2 Results of the LCA for the building systems 3126.3.3 Results of the LCA for a reference building 3126.4 Material efficiency 3176.4.1 Effective application of high strength steels 3176.5 Sustainable office designer 3236.5.1 Database 3256.5.2 Example using sustainable office designer 3256.6 Sustainability comparison of highway bridges 3316.6.1 Calculation of LCC for highway bridges 3316.6.2 Calculation of external cost for highway bridges 3356.6.3 Calculation of LCA for highway bridges 3386.6.4 Additional indicators 3426.7 Sustainability of steel construction for renewable energy 3446.7.1 Offshore wind energy 3446.7.2 Digester for biogas power plants 3486.8 Consideration of transport and construction 3526.8.1 Environmental impacts according to the origin of structural steel products 3526.8.2 Comparison of expenses for transport and hoisting of large girders 354References 357Index 361

Select Guide Rating