Steel Designers' Manual

The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) is the leading, independent provider of technical expertise and disseminator of best practice to the steel construction sector. Buick Davidson is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Sheffield.Graham Owens was, until recently, Director of the SCI and he is now a consultant for the SCI.

• Introduction to the seventh edition xvContributors xixIntroduction1 Introduction – designing to the Eurocodes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Creation of the Eurocodes 21.3 Structure of the Eurocodes 21.4 Non-contradictory complementary information – NCCI 51.5 Implementation in the UK 51.6 Benefits of designing to the Eurocodes 61.7 Industry support for the introduction of the Eurocodes 71.8 Conclusions 82 Integrated design for successful steel construction 102.1 Client requirements for whole building performance, value and impact 102.2 Design for sustainability 192.3 Design for overall economy 272.4 Conclusions 33References to Chapter 2 343 Loading to the Eurocodes 353.1 Imposed loads 353.2 Imposed loads on roofs 383.3 Snow loads 393.4 Accidental actions 523.5 Combinations of actions 54References to Chapter 3 60Worked example 61Design Synthesis4 Single-storey buildings 654.1 The roles for steel in single-storey buildings 654.2 Design for long term performance 664.3 Anatomy of structure 704.4 Loading 784.5 Common types of primary frame 804.6 Preliminary design of portal frames 904.7 Bracing 1014.8 Design of portal frames to BS EN 1993-1-1 109References to Chapter 4 127Worked example 1285 Multi-storey buildings 1345.1 Introduction 1345.2 Costs and construction programme 1355.3 Understanding the design brief 1375.4 Structural arrangements to resist sway 1405.5 Stabilising systems 1505.6 Columns 1545.7 Floor systems 157References to Chapter 5 1696 Industrial steelwork 1716.1 Introduction 1716.2 Anatomy of structure 1816.3 Loading 1956.4 Thermal effects 2016.5 Crane girder/lifting beam design 2026.6 Structure in its wider context 204References to Chapter 6 205Further reading for Chapter 6 2057 Special steel structures 2077.1 Introduction 2077.2 Space frame structures: 3-dimensional grids based on regular solids 2087.3 Lightweight tension steel cable structures 2107.4 Lightweight compression steel structures 2197.5 Steel for stadiums 2267.6 Information and process in the current digital age – the development of technology 228References to Chapter 7 235Further reading for Chapter 7 2368 Light steel structures and modular construction 2388.1 Introduction 2388.2 Building applications 2428.3 Benefits of light steel construction 2458.4 Light steel building elements 2488.5 Modular construction 2528.6 Hybrid construction 2578.7 Structural design issues 2608.8 Non-structural design issues 264References to Chapter 8 2709 Secondary steelwork 2719.1 Introduction 2719.2 Issues for consideration 2719.3 Applications 280References to Chapter 9 303Applied Metallurgy10 Applied metallurgy of steel 30510.1 Introduction 30510.2 Chemical composition 30610.3 Heat treatment 30910.4 Manufacture and effect on properties 31510.5 Engineering properties and mechanical tests 31910.6 Fabrication effects and service performance 32110.7 Summary 327References to Chapter 10 329Further reading for Chapter 10 33011 Failure processes 33111.1 Fracture 33111.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics 33511.3 Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics 33711.4 Materials testing for fracture properties 34011.5 Fracture-safe design 34311.6 Fatigue 34511.7 Final comments 356References to Chapter 11 357Further reading for Chapter 11 358Analysis12 Analysis 35912.1 Introduction 35912.2 The basics 36012.3 Analysis and design 36412.4 Analysis by hand 36812.5 Analysis by software 37112.6 Analysis of multi-storey buildings 38112.7 Portal frame buildings 39112.8 Special structural members 40412.9 Very important issues 425References to Chapter 12 42713 Structural vibration 43013.1 Introduction 43013.2 Causes of vibration 43213.3 Perception of vibration 43313.4 Types of response 43613.5 Determining the modal properties 43713.6 Calculating vibration response 44313.7 Acceptability criteria 44913.8 Practical considerations 45013.9 Synchronised crowd activities 452References to Chapter 13 452Element Design14 Local buckling and cross-section classification 45414.1 Introduction 45414.2 Cross-sectional dimensions and moment-rotation behaviour 45714.3 Effect of moment-rotation behaviour on approach to design and analysis 46114.4 Classification table 46214.5 Economic factors 462References to Chapter 14 46315 Tension members 46415.1 Introduction 46415.2 Types of tension member 46415.3 Design for axial tension 46515.4 Combined bending and tension 46815.5 Eccentricity of end connections 47115.6 Other considerations 472                                                                                                                          15.7 Cables 473Further reading for Chapter 15 47616 Columns and struts 47716.1 Introduction 47716.2 Common types of member 47716.3 Design considerations 47816.4 Cross-sectional considerations 48016.5 Column buckling resistance 48416.6 Torsional and flexural-torsional buckling 48616.7 Effective (buckling) lengths L cr 48716.8 Special types of strut 49316.9 Economic points 496References to Chapter 16 497Further reading for Chapter 16 497Worked example 49817 Beams 50317.1 Introduction 50317.2 Common types of beam 50317.3 Cross-section classification and moment resistance M c,Rd 50617.4 Basic design 50717.5 Laterally unrestrained beams 51317.6 Beams with web openings 520References to Chapter 17 521Worked example 52218 Plate girders 53318.1 Introduction 53318.2 Advantages and disadvantages 53318.3 Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders 53418.4 Design of plate girders to BS EN 1993-1-5 536References to Chapter 18 552Worked example 55319 Members with compression and moments 56319.1 Occurrence of combined loading 56319.2 Types of response – interaction 56419.3 Effect of moment gradient loading 57019.4 Selection of type of cross-section 57419.5 Basic design procedure to Eurocode 3 57519.6 Special design methods for members in portal frames 577References to Chapter 19 584Further reading for Chapter 19 585Worked example 58620 Trusses 60020.1 Introduction 60020.2 Types of truss 60020.3 Guidance on overall concept 60220.4 Selection of elements and connections 60320.5 Analysis of trusses 60420.6 Detailed design considerations for elements 60720.7 Bracing 60920.8 Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders 610References to Chapter 20 612Worked example 61321 Composite slabs 62321.1 Definition 62321.2 General description 62321.3 Design for the construction condition 62621.4 Design of composite slabs 62821.5 Design for shear and concentrated loads 63321.6 Tests on composite slabs 63521.7 Serviceability limits and crack control 63621.8 Shrinkage and creep 63821.9 Fire resistance 639References for Chapter 21 640Worked example 64122 Composite beams 64722.1 Introduction 64722.2 Material properties 64922.3 Composite beams 65122.4 Plastic analysis of composite section 65422.5 Shear resistance 65822.6 Shear connection 65922.7 Full and partial shear connection 66422.8 Transverse reinforcement 66922.9 Primary beams and edge beams 67222.10 Continuous composite beams 67322.11 Serviceability limit states 67522.12 Design tables for composite beams 680References to Chapter 22 682Worked example 68423 Composite columns 70123.1 Introduction 70123.2 Design of composite columns 70223.3 Simplified design method 70423.4 Illustrative examples of design of composite columns 71823.5 Longitudinal and transverse shear forces 720References to Chapter 23 722Worked example 72324 Design of light gauge steel elements 73324.1 Introduction 73324.2 Section properties 73624.3 Local buckling 74124.4 Distortional buckling 74424.5 Design of compression members 74824.6 Design of members in bending 751References to Chapter 24 756Worked example 757Connection Design25 Bolting assemblies 76925.1 Types of structural bolting assembly 76925.2 Methods of tightening and their application 77125.3 Geometric considerations 77225.4 Methods of analysis of bolt groups 77425.5 Design strengths 77825.6 Tables of resistance 783References to Chapter 25 783Further reading for Chapter 25 78426 Welds and design for welding 78526.1 Advantages of welding 78526.2 Ensuring weld quality and properties by the use of standards 78626.3 Recommendations for cost reduction 79226.4 Welding processes 79726.5 Geometric considerations 80326.6 Methods of analysis of weld groups 80426.7 Design strengths 80726.8 Concluding remarks 809References to Chapter 26 81027 Joint design and simple connections 81227.1 Introduction 81227.2 Simple connections 820References to Chapter 27 842Worked example 84428 Design of moment connections 86828.1 Introduction 86828.2 Design philosophy 86928.3 Tension zone 87028.4 Compression zone 87628.5 Shear zone 87828.6 Stiffeners 87928.7 Design moment of resistance of end-plate joints 87928.8 Rotational stiffness and rotation capacity 88228.9 Summary 883References to Chapter 28 883Foundations29 Foundations and holding-down systems 88529.1 Types of foundation 88529.2 Design of foundations 88729.3 Fixed and pinned column bases 89129.4 Pinned column bases – axially loaded I-section columns 89129.5 Design of fixed column bases 90229.6 Holding-down systems 906References to Chapter 29 908Further reading for Chapter 29 909Worked example 91030 Steel piles and steel basements 91630.1 Introduction 91630.2 Types of steel piles 91630.3 Geotechnical uncertainty 92030.4 Choosing a steel basement 92330.5 Detailed basement design: Introduction 92930.6 Detailed basement designs: Selection of soil parameters 93430.7 Detailed basement design: Geotechnical analysis 93730.8 Detailed basement design: Structural design 94330.9 Other design details 94930.10 Constructing a steel basement: Pile installation techniques 95030.11 Specification and site control 95330.12 Movement and monitoring 955References to Chapter 30 956Further reading for Chapter 30 957Construction31 Design for movement in structures 95931.1 Introduction 95931.2 Effects of temperature variation 96131.3 Spacing of expansion joints 96231.4 Design for movement in typical single-storey industrial steel buildings 96231.5 Design for movement in typical multi-storey buildings 96431.6 Treatment of movement joints 96531.7 Use of special bearings 967References to Chapter 31 96932 Tolerances 97032.1 Introduction 97032.2 Standards 97232.3 Implications of tolerances 97432.4 Fabrication tolerances 97632.5 Erection tolerances 982References to Chapter 32 1000Further reading for Chapter 32 100033 Fabrication 100233.1 Introduction 100233.2 Economy of fabrication 100233.3 Welding 100933.4 Bolting 100933.5 Cutting 101233.6 Handling and routeing of steel 101633.7 Quality management 1020References to Chapter 33 1023Further reading for Chapter 33 102334 Erection 102434.1 Introduction 102434.2 Method statements, regulations and documentation 102534.3 Planning 102634.4 Site practices 102934.5 Site fabrication and modifications 103534.6 Steel decking and shear connectors 103734.7 Cranes and craneage 103834.8 Safety 104834.9 Accidents 1055References to Chapter 34 1056Further reading for Chapter 34 105635 Fire protection and fire engineering 105735.1 Introduction 105735.2 Building regulations 105735.3 Fire engineering design codes 105835.4 Structural performance in fire 106235.5 Fire protection materials 107235.6 Advanced fire engineering 107335.7 Selection of an appropriate approach to fire protection and fire engineering for specific buildings 1078References to Chapter 35 1078Worked example 108136 Corrosion and corrosion prevention 108836.1 Introduction 108836.2 General corrosion 108936.3 Other forms of corrosion 109036.4 Corrosion rates 109136.5 Effect of the environment 109136.6 Design and corrosion 109236.7 Surface preparation 109336.8 Metallic coatings 109536.9 Paint coatings 109736.10 Application of paints 110136.11 Weather-resistant steels 110236.12 The protective treatment specification 1104Relevant standards 1107Appendix 1110Steel technologyElastic properties 1111European standards for structural steels 1112Design theoryBending moment, shear and deflection 1115Second moments of area 1143Geometrical properties of plane sections 1151Plastic moduli 1154Formulae for rigid frames 1157Design of elements and connectionsExplanatory notes on section dimensions and properties 1175Tables of dimensions and gross section properties 1193Bolt and Weld Data for S 275 1259Bolt and Weld Data for S 355 1274EurocodesExtracts from Concise Eurocodes 1289FloorsFloor plates 1309ConstructionFire resistance 1312Section factors for fire design 1332Corrosion resistance 1337StandardsBritish and European Standards for steelwork 1340Index 1351