SPSS Statistics For Dummies

Jesus Salcedo is an independent statistical and data-mining consultant who has been using SPSS products for more than 25 years. He has written numerous SPSS courses and trained thousands of users. Keith McCormick has been all over the world training and consulting in all things SPSS, statistics, and data mining. He now authors courses on the LinkedIn Learning platform and coaches executives on how to effectively manage their analytics teams.

• Introduction 1About This Book 1About the Fourth Edition 2Foolish Assumptions 2Icons Used in This Book 3Beyond the Book 3Where to Go from Here 3Part 1: Getting Started with SPSS 5Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS 7SPSS’s Job, Our Job, and Your Job 7SPSS’s job 8Our job 8Your job 9Garbage In, Garbage Out: Recognizing the Importance of Good Data 9Talking to SPSS: Can You Hear Me Now? 12The graphical user interface 12Syntax 12Programmability 13How SPSS works 13Getting Help When You Need It 15Chapter 2: Finding the Best SPSS for You 17Campus Editions 19Subscription Plans 20Commercial Editions 22What’s New in Version 27 24Chapter 3: Getting to Know SPSS by Running a Simple Session 25Opening a Dataset 25Running an Analysis 27Interpreting Results 30Creating Graphs 33Investigating Data 37Part 2: Getting Data into and out of SPSS 43Chapter 4: Understanding SPSS Data: Defining Metadata 45Entering Variable Definitions on the Variable View Tab 46Name 47Type 47Width 51Decimals 52Label 52Values 53Missing 54Columns 55Align 55Measure 55Role 56Entering and Viewing Data Items on the Data View Tab 56Chapter 5: Opening Data Files 59Getting Acquainted with the SPSS File Format 59Reading Simple Data from a Text File 60Transferring Data from Another Program 65Reading an Excel file 67Reading from an unknown program type 68Saving Data 69Chapter 6: Getting Data and Results from SPSS 71Exporting Data to Another Program 71Navigating SPSS Statistics Viewer 72Moving SPSS Output to Other Applications 74Copying and pasting output 74Exporting output 75Printing Data 80Chapter 7: More about Defining Your Data 81Working with Dates and Times 82Using the Date and Time Wizard 84Creating and Using a Multiple-Response Set 86Copying Data Properties 90Part 3: Messing with Data in SPSS 95Chapter 8: The Transform and Data Menus 97Sorting Cases 97Selecting the Data You Want to Look At 100Splitting Data for Easier Analysis 103Counting Case Occurrences 104Recoding Variables 107Recoding into different variables 107Automatic recoding 110Binning 113Optimal Binning 117Chapter 9: Computing New Variables 119Calculating a New Variable with a Formula 120Calculating a New Variable with a Condition 122Using System Variables 124Contrasting $Sysmis with SYSMIS 125Understanding Missing Data in Formulas 127Efficiently Calculating with Multiple Formulas 129Chapter 10: Some Useful Functions 133The LENGTH Function 134The ANY Function 137The MEAN Function and Missing Data 139RND, TRUNC, and MOD 141Logicals, the MISSING Function, and the NOT Function 143String Parsing and Nesting Functions 144Calculating Lags 146Chapter 11: Combining Files 147Merging Files by Adding Cases 147Merging Files by Adding Variables 152Part 4: Graphing Data 161Chapter 12: On the Menu: Graphing Choices in SPSS 163Building Graphs the Chart Builder Way 164The Gallery tab 164The Basic Elements tab 168The Groups/Point ID tab 169The Titles/Footnotes tab 170The Element Properties tab 170The Chart Appearance tab 176The Options tab 177Building Graphs with Graphboard Template Chooser 178Chapter 13: Building Graphs Using Chart Builder 183Simple Graphs 184Simple scatterplots 184Simple dot plots 185Simple bar graphs 186Simple error bars 187Simple histograms 189Population pyramids 191Stacked area charts 192Fancy Graphs 194Charts with multiple lines 194Colored scatterplots 196Scatterplot matrices 198Stacked bar charts 199Pie charts 200Clustered range bar graphs 202Differenced area graphs 202Dual-axis graph 204Fancy Maps Using Graphboard Template Chooser 205Heat map 206Choropleth of values 206Coordinates on a reference map 209Part 5: Analyzing Data 211Chapter 14: Using Descriptive Statistics 213Looking at Levels of Measurement 213Defining the four levels of measurement 214Defining summary statistics 215Focusing on Frequencies for Categorical Variables 217Understanding Frequencies for Continuous Variables 221Summarizing Continuous Variables with theDescriptives Procedure 224Chapter 15: Knowing When Not to Trust Your Data 227Sampling 227Understanding Sample Size 228Testing Hypotheses 229Calculating Confidence Intervals 231Conducting In-Depth Hypothesis Testing 232Using the Normal Distribution 235Working with Z-Scores 236Chapter 16: Testing One Group 239Conducting Inferential Tests 239Running the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test 240Running the One-Sample T-Test Procedure 246Chapter 17: Showing Relationships between Categorical Variables 251Running the Crosstabs Procedure 252Running the Chi-Square Test of Independence 256Comparing Column Proportions 260Adding Control Variables 261Creating a Clustered Bar Chart 264Chapter 18: Showing Relationships between Continuous Dependent and Categorical Independent Variables 267Conducting Inferential Tests 268Using the Compare Means Dialog 268Running the Independent-Samples T-Test Procedure 269Comparing the Means Graphically 275Running the Summary Independent-Samples T-Test Procedure 277Running the Paired-Samples T-Test Procedure 280Chapter 19: Showing Relationships between Continuous Variables 285Viewing Relationships 286Running the Bivariate Procedure 288Running the Simple Linear Regression Procedure 292Part 6: Getting More Advanced with Analyzing Data 301Chapter 20: Doing More Advanced Analyses 303Running the One-Way ANOVA Procedure 303Conducting Post Hoc Tests 311Comparing Means Graphically 314Running the Multiple Linear Regression Procedure 315Viewing Relationships 325Chapter 21: What Is Normal Anyway? 327Understanding Nonparametric Tests 328Understanding Distributions 328Running a Nonparametric Independent Samples Test 331Running a Nonparametric Related Samples Test 338Chapter 22: When to Do What 345Determining Which Statistical Test to Perform 346Using Advanced Techniques 350Part 7: Making SPSS Your Own 351Chapter 23: Changing Settings 353General Options 354Language Options 356Viewer Options 357Data Options 358Currency Options 360Output Options 361Chart Options 362Pivot Tables Options 364File Locations Options 365Scripts Options 366Multiple Imputations Options 368Syntax Editor Options 369Privacy Options 370Chapter 24: Editing Charts and Chart Templates 371Changing and Editing Axes 372Changing the axis range 372Scaling the axis range 373Changing Style: Lines and Symbols 376Editing chart lines 376Editing data points 378Applying Templates 380Chapter 25: Editing Tables 383Working with TableLooks 384Style Output 387Pivoting Trays 390Part 8: Programming SPSS with Command Syntax 393Chapter 26: Getting Acquainted with Syntax 395Pasting 396Performing a Series of Related Compute Statements 399Labeling 400Repeatedly Generating the Same Report 400Chapter 27: Adding Syntax to Your Toolkit 403Your Wish Is My Command 404Understanding Keywords 405Declaring Data 406Commenting Your Way to Clarity 407Running Your Code 408Controlling Flow and Executing Conditionals 410IF 410DO IF 411SELECT IF 412Part 9: The Part of Tens 413Chapter 28: Ten (or So) Modules You Can Add to SPSS 415The Advanced Statistics Module 416The Custom Tables Module 416The Regression Module 418The Categories Module 418The Data Preparation Module 419The Decision Trees Module 419The Forecasting Module 420The Missing Values Module 421The Bootstrapping Module 421The Complex Samples Module 422The Conjoint Module 422The Direct Marketing Module 422The Exact Tests Module 423The Neural Networks Module 424Chapter 29: Ten Useful SPSS Resources 425Supporting Websites for This Book 425LinkedIn and LinkedIn Groups 426IBM SPSS Statistics Certification 427IBM Data Science Community 427SPSSX-L 427Online Videos 428Twitter 429Live Instruction 430Asynchronous Instruction and Tutorials 431SPSS Statistics for Data Analysis and Visualization 432Chapter 30: Ten SPSS Statistics Gotchas 433Failing to Declare Level of Measurement 433Conflating String Values with Labels 434Failing to Declare Missing Data 435Failing to Find Add-on Modules and Plug-Ins 435Failing to Meet Statistical and Software Assumptions 437Confusing Pasting Syntax with Copy and Paste 438Thinking You Create Variables in SPSS as You Do in Excel 438Getting Confused by Listwise Deletion 439Losing Track of Your Active Dataset 440Forgetting to Turn Off Select and Split and Weight 441Index 443