Solving Problems with Microscopy

John A. Reffner is a Professor Emeritus of Forensic Science at John Jay College of Criminal Justice with over sixty years of experience working with microscopy. He was instrumental in the development of infrared microspectroscopy, being the inventor of 10 U.S. patents on this technology. He is the Past-President (1979) of the New York Microscopical Society (NYMS). Brooke W. Kammrath is a Professor of Forensic Science at the University of New Haven and Executive Director of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science. She also serves as a scientific consultant and expert witness for both criminal and civil cases. She is the Past-President (2017–2019) of the New York Microscopical Society (NYMS).

• List of Contributors xForeword xiiPreface xviAbbreviations xviiIntroduction 11 Discovery with the Light Microscope 81.1 Hooke, Leeuwenhoek and the Single Lens 101.2 Single-lens Microscopes come of Age 141.3 Light Microscopes in the Modern Age 172 When Problem Solving, Exercise the Scientific Method at Every Step 222.1 The Buttonier Case 232.2 The Leaky Polio Virus Dispettes 282.3 The Green River Killer 322.4 The Unfortunate Failure of the Dragline Excavator 402.5 The Bodega Burglary 423 Images Are Real Data, Too 463.1 Mesothelioma Linked to Asbestos 493.2 Talc Case 543.3 Ford Pinto Case 573.4 Uncovering a Moose Hair Cover-up 613.5 Carbon Black and Tire Rubber Problems 633.6 Optical Microscopy Takes Center Stage: Melamine in Pet Food 673.7 Characterization of Foreign Particulate in Pharmaceuticals 774 The Microscope as a Compass 874.1 Hair Extension Case 884.2 Blue Yarn Case 914.3 eBay Evidence 934.4 An Attractive Contamination 964.5 Identifying Metallic Particulates in Pharmaceutical Sample Holders 974.6 15th-Century Block Books at The Morgan Library & Museum: The Role of Microscopy in Unraveling Complex Ink Formulations 1044.7 The Critical Value of Microscopy within Pharmaceutical Development 1105 Rely on the Fundamentals 1205.1 A Mouse, a Soft Drink Can … and a Felony 1215.2 Goodrich Corrosion Problem 1295.3 The Perils of Forgetting the Fundamentals in Criminal Cases 1315.4 Super Bowl White Powder Attacks 2014 1345.5 College Drug Party 1376 Fortune Favors the Prepared Mind 1396.1 The NASA Problem 1406.2 A Train Engine Contamination 1426.3 Mianus River Bridge Collapse: Why Do You Need a Microscope to Determine Why a Bridge Fell Down? 1456.4 Microcrystals Tests for Drugs Using the Chemical Microscope (PLM) 1527 Know Your Limitations 1577.1 Why Does Guercino's Samson Captured by the Philistines Have a Grainy Surface Texture in Some Paint Passages? 1587.2 The Secrets of Hair 1637.3 A Connecticut Murder Case 1718 The Resonance Theory of Experiments 1758.1 The Red Hooded Sweatshirt 1768.2 Florida Arson Case 1798.3 The Multimillion-Dollar Waterproof Failure 1829 Value of Multiple Associations 2029.1 Atlanta Child Murders Investigation 2039.2 Hog Trail Murders 2109.3 Hoeplinger Murder 2139.4 Jackson Pollock Authentication 22110 Defining Meaningful Differences 23810.1 The Yellow Rope 24010.2 Lightning Strike 24310.3 Raman Microprobe Characterization of ZrO2 Inclusions in Glass Lightguides 24710.4 Whose Soot Is It Anyway? 25311 The Importance of Context 26711.1 GE Capital White-Powder Case 26811.2 XB-70 Valkyrie Fuel Line 27011.3 Cocaine Case 27211.4 The Preppy Murder 27412 Conclusion 28212.1 Introduction 28212.2 Solving World Problems 28312.3 Lifelong Learning 28712.4 Continued Evolution of Microscopy and Photonics 28812.5 Final Thoughts 290Index 292