Solid Waste Handbook

William D. Robinson is the editor of The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide, published by Wiley.

• Part 1 The Public Issues1 Using The Handbook Who and How 3William D. Robinson1.1 Who and How 41.2 Issues That Are Controversial Neglected or Ignored 41.3 Chapter Abstracts 42 Legislation and Involved Agencies 9William L. Kovacs2.1 History of Solid Waste Management Laws 92.2 Hazardous Waste Aspects of RCRA 102.3 Solid Waste Guidelines and Planning Process 132.4 Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials 152.5 Other Federal Statutes Impacting on Solid Waste Management 162.5.1 Department of Energy 162.5.2 National Energy’ Conservation Policy Act Pub. L. 95-619 182.5.3 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and PURPA 182.5.4 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 192.6 Implementation of RCRA 192.6.1 EPA’s Implementation of RCRA 192.6.2 The EPA Solid Waste Program 202.6.3 The EPA 202.6.4 The Procurement of Recovered Materials 212.7 DOE’s Impact on Solid Waste Management 212.8 Impact of New Federalism 212.9 Current and Future Issues in Solid Waste 232.9.1 The Liability Issue 232.9.2 Cost Competitiveness of New Technology 232.9.3 The Need for Solid Waste Flow Control and the Municipal Action Exemption 242.9.4 The Absent Parties in EPA Litigation—States and Municipalities 252.9.5 Procurement and Recycling 262.10 Summary 263 Public Perceptions and Community Relations 31Lawrence Chertoff and Diane Buxbaum3.1 Introduction 313.2 Resource Recovery Project Case Study 313.2.1 Facilities Investigated 313.2.2 Data-Gathering Technique 323.2.3 Summary of Interview Questions Asked 323.2.4 Communities Studied 323.3 Implications of Case Study 333.3.1 Motivating Forces 333.3.2 Militating Factors 333.3.3 Economic Considerations 333.3.4 Community Education 343.4 Case Analysis 343.4.1 Abandoned Projects 343.4.2 Abandoned Sites 363.4.3 Successful Projects 383.4.4 Projects in Doubt 393.5 Summary 404 The Feasibility Study Procurement and Construction Management 43Stuart H. Russell Robert Brickner and Charles Peterson4.1 The Feasibility Study 434.1.1 Introduction 434.1.2 Gathering Basic Data 444.1.3 Identifying Markets 524.1.4 Selecting Alternatives 564.1.5 Net System Cost Modeling 584.1.6 Comparing Alternatives 634.2 Procurement (and Construction Management) 684.2.1 Introduction 684.2.2 Approaches: A/E Turnkey. Full Service 694.2.3 Procurement Methods 734.2.4 Construction Management 775 Waste Disposal/Resource Recovery Plant Costs 93W. D. Robinson and Sergio E. Martinez5.1 Capital Cost 935.1.1 Spectrum of Facilities Costs 945.1.2 Preproject Expenses 955.1.3 Financing a New Plant 955.1.4 Foreign Financing 965.1.5 Preproject Engineering 965.1.6 Selecting a Consulting Engineer 965.1.7 Concept and System Choices: Reliability and Redundancy 975.1.8 Cost Control 975.1.9 Purchasing Procedures 995.2 Construction Cost 995.2.1 Schedules 1005.2.2 Labor Cost 1045.2.3 Cost Containment 1055.2.4 Cost Controls 1065.3 Operating Costs 1075.3.1 Plant Ownership and Operation by Local Government 1095.3.2 Private Operation and Publicly Owned Plants 1095.3.3 Facilities Owned and Operated by Private Industry 1095.3.4 Revenues 1095.3.5 Expense 1135.3.6 Profit 1145.3.7 Cost Control 1156 Economics and Financing of Resource Recovery Projects 121Warren T. Gregory Jonathan M. Wooten Michael R Lissack and R. S. Madenburg6.1 Resource Recovery Financing Structures 1216.1.1 Public Ownership 1216.1.2 Private Ownership Financing. 1226.1.3 Leveraged Lease Financing Structures 1246.1.4 Builder/Operator Ownership 1256.1.5 Accounting Considerations 1256.2 A Case Analysis: Various Financing Alternatives for a Cogeneration Resource Recovery Facility over 20 years 1276.2.1 Landfill Only No Resource Recovery 1276.2.2 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower Each Year 1276.2.3 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower in Early Years (Beginning at Interest Only) and Higher in Later Years 1276.2.4 Leveraged Lease Financings 1316.2.5 Leveraged Lease Financings with Stabilization Fund in Early Years 1316.2.6 Vendor Ownership Financings 1316.3 Case Analysis Summary 132Appendix 6.1 Assessing Waste-To-Knergy Project Risks 133Appendix 6-2 Resource Recovery Ratings (Bonds) Approach 1397 Legal Issues 151Barry S. Shanoff and Jane C. Souzon7.1 Waste Flow Control 1517.1.1 Competitive Tipping Fees 1517.1.2 Private Agreements and Contracts 1517.1.3 Legislative Controls 1527.2 Interstate Commerce 1537.3 Finished landfill Site Continuing Liabilities 1557.3.1 Insurance 1567.3.2 Surety Bonds 1567.3.3 Trust Funds 156Appendix 7.1 Sample Franchise Administration and Rate-Averaging Procedure 156Appendix 7.2 Sample Intermunicipal Agreement Re: Solid Waste 162Appendix 7.3 Sample Indemnity Bond 171Appendix 7.4 Sample Provisions—Landfill Environmental Trust Fund 172Part 2 Implementation Issues: Systems Hardware Operations8 Collection of Residential Solid Waste 177H. Lanier Hickman Jr.8.1 Introduction and Policy Overview 1778.2 Managing Change in a Solid Waste Collection System 1788.2.1 Introduction 1788.2.2 Game Plan for Change 1788.3 Cost Accounting Procedures for Solid Waste Collection Systems 1798.3.1 Introduction 1798.3.2 Enterprise Fund Accounting 1798.3.3 System Deficiencies 1798.3.4 Summary 1808.4 Unions and Solid Waste Collection 1808.4.1 Introduction 1808.4.2 Collective Bargaining in Residential Solid Waste Collection 1808.4.3 Managing Change 1828.4.4 Summary 1828.5 Contracting for Residential Solid Waste Collection 1838.5.1 Introduction 1838.5.2 Determining Type and Level of Service 1838.5.3 Technical Specifications 1838.5.4 Summary 1858.6 Collection Equipment Maintenance Programs 1858.6.1 Introduction 1858.6.2 Planned Maintenance 1858.6.3 Components in a Maintenance Program 1858.6.4 Other Factors to Consider 1868.6.5 Summary 1878.7 Optimizing the Performance of Collection Services 1878.7.1 Introduction 1878.7.2 Factors Affecting Productivity and Costs 1878.7.3 Measuring Productivity in Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 1898.7.4 The Five-Stage Process Jo Improve Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 1909 Transfer of Municipal Solid Waste 195Laurence T. Schaper9.1 The Transfer Station 1959.1.1 Potential Advantages 1959.1.2 Types of Users 1969.2 Location 1969.3 Design Choices 1979.3.1 Station Concepts 1979.3.2 Sizing Transfer Facilities 1979.3.3 Site Development and Ancillary Facilities 2029.4 Process Options 2039.4.1 Baling 2039.4.2 Shredding 2049.5 Transfer Vehicles 2049.5.1 Compaction Trailers 2049.5.2 Noncompaction Trailers 2049.5.3 Number of Vehicles Required 2059.6 Materials-Handling Equipment 2069.7 Maintenance 2079.8 Cost Analysis and Case Studies 2089.8.1 Cost Analysis 2089.8.2 Case Studies 21110 Source Separation and Citizen Recycling 215Robert Cowles Letcher and Mary T. Sheil10.1 Perceptions Analysis and Status 21510.1.1 Recycling Defined 21610.1.2 Source Separation Programs Defined 21610.1.3 Recycling and the Waste Disposal Industry 21610.1.4 Implications for Both Concepts 21610.1.5 Waste: Perceptions and Perspectives 21710.1.6 The Institutionalization of Waste Disposal 21710.1.7 Benefits of Source Separation 21910.1.8 Benefits of the Recycling System 22010.1.9 Source Separation Versus Centralized Resource-Recovery Process Systems 22110.1.10 Summary of Source Separation Program Incentives and Benefits 22310.1.11 Summary of Materials Markets and Programs 22710.1.12 Case Studies 22910.2 Recycling: A Statewide Program for New Jersey 23810.2.1 Background 24010.2.2 Implementing the Recycling Plan 24610.2.3 Meeting the Challenge 24610.2.4 Collection of Recyclables 24710.2.5 Recycling—A Cost Avoidance Mechanism 24710.2.6 Market Expansion and Development 24710.2.7 Education—The Key to Success 24810.2.8 A Total Effort 248Appendix 10.1 Sample Contract to Sell Used Papers 250Appendix 10.2 State Recycling Associations 251Appendix 10.3 Trade Associations of Industries Which Process or Use Recycled Materials 252Appendix 10.4 Slate Resource Recovery Agencies 253Appendix 10.5 New Jersey Programs 256Program A: Municipal Curbside Collection with a Drop-Off Center 256Program B: Municipal Curbside Collection 257Program C: Drop-Off Centers in Urbanized/Suburban Regional Area Program 25811 Land Disposal 259Philip R. O’Leary Larry Canter William D Robinson11.1 Landfill Disposal: Theory and Practice 25911.1.1 Definition and Background 25911.1.2 Principles of Operation 26011.1.3 Biological and Chemical Processes 26311.1.4 Environmental Protection Considerations 26611.1.5 Guidelines: Federal and State 26711.1.6 Landfill Development 26711.1.7 Service Area Waste Quantities and Land Requirements 26811.1.8 Siting Procedures 26911.1.9 Techniques for Comparing Candidate Sites by Specific Issues 27211.1.10 Public Involvement 27411.1.11 Plan Preparation and Regulatory Approval 28011.1.12 Leachate Formation and Control 28611.1.13 Methane Gas Formation and Control 31311.1.14 Landfill Operations 32111.1.15 Landfill Equipment Selection and Utilization 32311.1.16 On-Site Processing 32611.1.17 Operator Safety 32711.1.18 Site Closure and Long-term Care 32911.2 Landfill With Bales 33811.2.1 Background 33811.2.2 The Baling Process 33811.2.3 High-Density Balers 33811.2.4 Medium-Density Balers 34111.2.5 Transportation of Bales 34311.2.6 The Balefill 34511.2.7 Approximate Capita] and Operating Costs 34511.2.8 Summaries of Balefill Test Results and Testing of Bales as Foundation Material 346Appendix 11.1 Key Elements of the Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices 347Appendix 11.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Determining Whether Solid Waste Disposal Activities Comply with Groundwater Protection Criteria 349Appendix 11.3 Sanitary Landfill Inspection Report 351Appendix 11.4 Sanitary Landfill Design and Operational Guidelines 354Appendix 11.5 Sample of Technical Site Criteria for Chemical Waste Disposal 360Appendix 11.6 Items lo Be Included in the Engineering Report for a Sanitary Landfill 364Appendix 11.7 Landfill Site Rating Method 365Appendix 11.8 Decision I-actors in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 369Appendix 11.9 Evaluation of Solid Waste Baling and Landfilling 370Ralph Stone and Richard KahleAppendix 11.10 Engineering Study of Baled Solid Waste as Foundation Material 373Roger G. Siutter12 Resource Recovery: Prepared Fuels Energy and Materials 377David J. Schlouhauer George E. Boyhan William D. Robinson Kenneth L. Woodruff Jay A. Campbell Gordon L. Sutin David G. Robinson E. Joseph Duckett Anthony R. Nollet and Robert H. Greeley12.1 Energy Recovery Overview Processed Fuels 37712.1.1 Dedicated Units 38012.1.2 Modification of Existing Units 38012.1.3 Energy Recovery Methods and Products 38212.1.4 Cofiring 38312.1.5 Codisposal 38612.1.6 Economics and Case Histories 38812.2 Processed Refuse Fuel Types 39812.3 Methods of Combustion or Energy Recovery of Processed Fuels 40012.3.1 Spreader Stoker Firing 40112.3.2 Suspension-Fired Units 40412.3.3 Fluidized Bed Units 40512.3.4 Cyclone Furnace Firing 40912.3.5 Pyrolysis 41012.3.6 Cement Kilns 41112.3.7 Bioconversion 41212.4 Fuel Process Systems 41512.4.1 Dry Process 41612.4.2 Wet Process 41712.4.3 Combined Dry/Wet System 41712.4.4 Energy Output Comparison 41912.4.5 Characteristics of Dry/Wet Systems 41912.4.6 Market for RDF Fuel 41912.4.7 RDF Storage 42212.4.8 By-Product Recovery 42312.5 Process and Materials-Handling Systems and Equipment; Shredding and Receiving Systems 42312.5.1 Background 42312.5.2 Typical RDF Dry Process Components and Systems 42412.5.3 Shredding and the Air-Classifier Anomalies 42812.5.4 Size Reduction: Key Factors 42912.5.5 Shredders 43012.5.6 Shredder Operating Characteristics 43212.5.7 Design/Operating Factors Common to Topfeed Shredders 43612.5.8 Recent Improvements in Shredder Design 43712.5.9 Flail Mills 44112.5.10 Rotary Shear 44212.5.11 Front-End Raw Material Receiving Systems 44412.5.12 Front-End Receiving Conveyers and Burden Depth Control 44612.5.13 Shredder Discharge Conveyers 44912.5.14 Summary 44912.6 Process and Materials Handling Equipment; Rotary Shear Shredders Design and Operation 45212.6.1 Background and Description 45212.6.2 Operating Experience 45312.6.3 Operating and Maintenance Costs 45412.6.4 Applications 45412.6.5 Shear Shredder Manufacturers 45512.7 Process and Materials Handling Equipment: Screens for Solid Waste Processing 45512.7.1 Background 45512.7.2 Vibrating Screens 45512.7.3 Trommel Screens 45612.7.4 Disc Screens 45812.7.5 Summary 45912.7.6 Representative Installations 45912.7.7 Solid Waste Processing Screen Manufacturers 46012.8 Densified Refuse-Derived Fuel (dRDF) 46112.8.1 Background 4612.8.2 Production Technology Status 46212.8.3 Densification Equipment Performance and Problems 46212.8.4 dRDF Properties and Characteristics 46712.8.5 Storage and Handling 46912.8.6 Densification Costs 46912.8.7 dRDF Combustion Experience 47112.9 Refuse Derived Fuel Storage Retrieval and Transport 47312.9.1 RDF Storage Retrieval and Transport 47312.9.2 Remote Steam Plant and RDF Transport 47412.9.3 Processing Facility and Steam Plant Same Site 47412.9.4 Atlas Storage and Retrieval System 47512.9.5 Miller Hofft Bin and Retrieval System 47712.9.6 Concrete Hunker Bulk Storage 47712.9.7 Floor Bulk Storage 47912.9.8 Surge Storage 47912.9.9 Miller Hofft Surge Bins 47912.9.10 Sprout Waldron Surge Bins 47912.9.11 Moving By-Pass Surge Storage Systems 47912.9.12 Hooper Live-Bottom Bin 48012.9.13 RDF Distribution and Feed 48112.10 Recovered Materials Specifications and Markets 48312.10.1 Introduction 48312.10.2 Ferrous Metals 48312.10.3 Glass 48412.10.4 Aluminum 48612.10.5 Paper and Corrugated 48712.10.6 Other Miscellaneous Material 49112.10.7 Conclusion 49612.11 Recovered Materials-Equipment and Systems 49712.11.1 Introduction 49712.11.2 Air Classifiers 49712.11.3 Ferrous Metal Recovery 49812.11.4 Nonferrous Metals Recovery 50312.11.5 Paper Recovery 50412.11.6 Glass Recovery 50512.11.7 Plastics Recovery 50512.11.8 Ash Processing for Metals and Aggregate Recovery 50612.12 Raw Material Quantity and Composition: A Final Check 50712.12.1 Quantification Survey 50712.12.2 Presurvey Planning 50812.12.3 Survey Scope 50912.12.4 Quantification Survey Work Tasks 51312.12.5 Quantification Survey Summary Report 51412.12.6 Waste Composition Survey 51512.12.7 The Sorting Program 52212.12.8 Laboratory Analysts 52712.13 Health and Safety: Health Aspects 53012.13.1 Explosion Protection 53212.13.2 Dusts 53612.13.3 Microbiological Aspects 53712.13.4 Noise Control 53812.13.5 Conclusion 53912.14 Health and Safety: Implementation 54112.14.1 Background and Scope 54112.14.2 Safety Rules and Practice 54212.14.3 Personnel Safety 54412.14.4 Raw Material Presort 54612.14.5 Raw Material Surveillance 54812.14.6 Explosion Protection 55012.14.7 Remedial Measures: Explosions in Resource-Recovery Plants 55212.14.8 Postexplosion Procedures 55413 Resource Recovery: Mass Burn Energy and Materials 557Miro Dvirka13.1 Mass Burn Energy Recovery Overview 55713.1.1 Dedicated Unit: Boiler Types 55713.2 Existing Units and Retrofits 56013.3 Mass Burn Energy Products 56113.3.1 Constraints. 56113.3.2 Steam Generation 56213.3.3 Power Generation 56413.3.4 Cogeneration 56513.4 Codisposal Sewage 56713.4.1 Coburning (in suspension) of Predried Sludge Above Grate-Fired Refuse 56713.4.2 Coburning Dewatered Sludge layered with Refuse in Furnace Feed 56913.5 Field-Erected Units: Systems and Sizing 57113.6 Raw Material Receiving and Storage 57213.6.1 Pit/Bunker Sizing 57213.6.2 Oversized Material 57213.6.3 Fire and Ventilation 57313.7 Retrieval and Furnace Feed 57313.7.1 Crane Design Criteria 57313.7.2 Crane Feed Cycle Design Criteria 57413.8 Stoker and Furnace Design 57513.8.1 Combustion Process Equations 57513.8.2 Stoker Design 57713.8.3 Furnace Design 58113.9 Water-Cooled Rotary Combustor 58713.10 Small-Scale “Modular” Units 59013.10.1 Combustion Concepts 59013.10.2 Raw Material Receiving and Storage Modular Units 59013.10.3 Raw Material Retrieval and Feed Systems 59013.10.4 Combustion Systems 59113.10.5 Emissions Control Modular Units 59113.10.6 Application Constraints 59314 Resource Recovery: Air Pollutant Emissions and Control 595Walter R. Niessen14.1 Regulatory Context—Federal 59514.1.1 National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 59614.1.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 and Amendments 59614.2 Regulatory Context—State and Local 59714.3 Air Pollutant Uncontrolled Emissions 59714.3.1 Inorganic Particulate and Comparison of Firing Methods 59714.3.2 Combustible Particulate 60514.3.3 Total Particulate 66614.3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 60714.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 60814.3.6 Sulfur Oxides 60814.3.7 Hydrochloric Acid 60914.3.8 Micropollutants 60914.4 Control Technology 61314.4.1 Particulate Matter 61414.4.2 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons 61714.4.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)t 61714.4.4 Acid Gases 61814.4.5 Micropollutants 61815 Marketing Resource Recovery Products 621Rigdon Boykin Bernays Thomas Barclay and Calvin Lieberman15.1 Energy 62115.1.1 Energy Marketing Principles 62115.1.2 Federal Energy Law Affecting Marketing Considerations 62515.1.3 Energy Values 62815.1.4 Negotiating a Power Sales Contract 63615.2 Marketing Recovered Materials; A Viewpoint of the Private Scrap Processor 643Calvin Lieberman15.2.1 Choices in Strategic Planning 64315.2.2 Identifying and Evaluating Markets 64415.2.3 Evaluating Raw Material Supply and Recovery Technologies 64515.2.4 Evaluating Risks 64815.2.5 Recovered Materials Quality/Salability 64815.2.6 Disincentives in Resource Recovery 64815.2.7 Engineering with Unpredictable Raw Material 64915.2.8 Raw Material How Control: A Word of Caution 64915.2.9 Markets for Recovered Materials: The Hard Facts 65016 Energy from Refuse in Industrial Plants 653William D. Robinson and Fred Rohr16.1 Background 65316.2 Industrial Wastes as Boiler Fuel 65316.3 Industrial Incinerators 65416.3.1 Background 65416.3.2 The Early Los Angeles Excess Air Refractory Furnace 65416.3.3 Controlled Air Designs 65516.4 Energy Recovery Methods 66016.4.1 Background 66016.4.2 Utilization Choices: Steam Hot Water Hot Air KW 66216.4.3 Boiler Types 66316.5 Operating and Maintenance Factors 66416.5.1 Waterside Tube Failure 66416.5.2 Fireside lube Wastage 66416.5.3 Refractory Linings 66416.5.4 Stokers 66516.5.5 Ram Feed 66516.5.6 Ash Removal 66516.5.7 Feedwater Treatment 66616.6 Industrial Solid Waste Incineration 66616.6.1 Concept Choices 66616.7 Industry as the Purchaser of Refuse Energy 66816.8 Industrial Cogeneration 66816.8.1 Background 66816.8.2 Technology and Systems 67116.8.3 Regulatory Factors 67216.8.4 Economic Factors 67216.8.5 Operation and Maintenance Cost Factors 67316.8.6 Operating Cost Summary 67316.9 Conclusions 675Appendix 16.1 Two 200 TPD Composite Plant Designs for a Starved Air System and for an Excess Air System 677Case Histories 68017 Residential Commercial and Industrial Bulky Wastes 697William D. Robinson17.1 Introduction 69717.2 Nature of the Waste 69717.2.1 Residential Bulky Waste 69717.2.2 Commercial Bulky Waste 69817.2.3 Industrial Bulky Waste 69817.3 Present Disposal Status 69817.3.1 Background 69817.4 Bulky Waste Process Experience 70017.4.1 Background 70017.5 Bulky Waste Processing Case Histories 70317.5.1 City of Harrisburg Pennsylvania 70317.5.2 City of Chicago Illinois Goose Island 70617.5.3 Resources Recovery (Dade County) Inc. Miami Florida 70717.5.4 City of East Chicago Indiana 71417.5.5 City of Omaha Nebraska Solid Waste Recycling Center 71917.5.6 City of Glen Cove New York Codisposal/Energy Recovery Facility 72117.5.7 City of Montreal Quebec Canada 72517.5.8 City of Kyoto Japan 72517.5.9 City of Ansonia Connecticut 72817.5.10 City of Tacoma Washington 72817.6 Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 73417.6.1 Background 73417.6.2 Summary of Aborted Projects 73417.6.3 Analysis of Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734Appendix 17.1 Omaha Shredder Product Screen Analysis and Noise Level Survey 73518 Refuse Fuels in the Portland Cement Industry (Including Tires and Shredder Residue) 737David Watson Heinrich Matthee and William D Robinson18.1 Experience in England 73718.1.1 Refuse versus Other Fuels—Technical Factors 73718.1.2 Development of Blue Circle’s Interest 73818.1.3 Resumé of Blue Circle’s Experience 74118.1.4 Current Developments 74118.1.5 Questions and Answers 74218.2 Experience in West Germany 74318.2.1 Background: Tires 74318.2.2 Miscellaneous Shredder Wastes 74418.2.3 Auto Shredder Wastes 74518.2.4 Asphaltic Sludge 74618.3 Experience in North America 74618.3.1 Background 74618.3.2 Factors in a Discouraging Outlook 74718.3.3 Scrapped Auto Shredding Residues 74718.3.4 Conclusion 74819 Biological Processes 749Donald K. Walter James L. Easterly and Elizabeth C. Saris19.1 Background 74919.2 Anaerobic Digestion 75019.2.1 Introduction 75019.2.2 Basic Processes 75019.2.3 Feedstocks 75019.2.4 Products 75119.2.5 Reactor Types 75119.2.6 Design Parameters 75319.3 Fermentation Processes 75319.3.1 Background 75319.3.2 Basic Processes 75419.3.3 Feedstocks 75419.3.4 Products 75419.3.5 Design Parameters 75519.4 Compost 75519.4.1 Background 75519.4.2 Basic Process 75519.4.3 Process Description 75519.4.4 Feedstocks 75619.4.5 Products 75619.4.6 Design Parameters 75619.4.7 Reactor Types 75719.5 Applications and Economics 75719.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion 75719.5.2 Fermentation 75819.5.3 Composting 75819.6 Case Histories 75919.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion 75919.6.2 Compost 761Appendix 19.1 Biomass as Fuel tor Electric Generation: Planned and Existing Projects in the United States 763Part 3 Hazardous Solid Wastes20 Federal Regulatory Issues 773William L. Kovacs20.1 Introduction 77320.2 History of the Federal Hazardous Waste Regulatory Program 77320.2.1 Past Practices 77320.2.2 Intent and Development of RCRA Congressional Debate 77420.3 The Act—Its Organization Scope and Contents 77520.3.1 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes 77520.3.2 Requirements Imposed On Generators of Hazardous Waste 77520.3.3 Requirements Imposed on Transporters of Hazardous Waste 77520.3.4 Requirements Regulating Those Who Treat Store or Dispose of Hazardous Waste 77620.3.5 Permit Authority 77620.3.6 Authorized State Programs 77720.3.7 Enforcement of RCRA 77720.3.8 The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 77820.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations under RCRA 78020.4.1 40 C.F.R. Part 260 General Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management 78020.4.2 40 C.F.R. Part 261 Regulations Identifying Hazardous Waste 78020.4.3 40 C.F.R. Part 262 Requirements upon Generators of Hazardous Waste 78220.4.4 40 C.F.R. Part 263 Requirements upon Transporters of Hazardous Waste 78320.4.5 40 C.F.R. Part 264 Requirements upon Owners and Operators of Permitted Hazardous Waste Facilities 78320.4.6 40 C.F.R. Part 265 Interim Status Standards 78920.4.7 40 C.F.R. Part 267 Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste I .and Disposal Facilities 78920.4.8 Interface of RCRA Regulations with State Programs (Part 271 Regulations) 79020.5 EPA Its Organization and Regional Offices 79120.6 EPA’s Permitting Procedures 79120.6.1 The Permit Application 79120.7 EPA’s Inspection Authority Reporting Requirements and Enforcement 79220.7.1 Inspections 79220.7.2 Reporting Requirements 79220.7.3 Enforcement 79320.8 The Superfund Program 79320.8.1 Key Superfund Provisions and the Agencies that Implement It 79320.8.2 The Relationship of Superfund to RCRA 79420.9 Current Changes and Future Federal Role 79520.9.1 Changes by the Reagan Administration 79520.9.2 Future RCRA Regulatory Program 79620.9.3 Future Superfund Program 79620.10 Summary 79621 State and Local Regulatory Issues 799James Reynolds and H. Lanier Hickman Jr.21.1 Introduction 79921.2 State Program Development 79921.2.1 Life before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 79921.2.2 Standardization 80021.2.3 Effects of RCRA 80021.3 Policy Issues of Concern to Local Government 80121.3.1 Introduction 80121.3.2 Facility Siting 80121.3.3 Economic Impact on Industry 80121.3.4 The Exempted (Small) Generator 80221.3.5 Closed and Abandoned Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites and Orphaned Hazardous Wastes 80221.3.6 Emergency Response and Contingency Plans 80221.3.7 Summary 803Index 805