Solid State Chemistry
An Introduction
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
AvElaine A. Moore,Jennifer Readman,UK) Moore, Elaine A. (The Open University, Milton Keynes,Jennifer (University of Central Lancashire) Readman
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Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2025-05-22
- Mått178 x 254 x 23 mm
- Vikt860 g
- FormatHäftad
- SpråkEngelska
- Antal sidor395
- Upplaga6
- FörlagTaylor & Francis Ltd
- ISBN9781032728872
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Elaine A. Moore studied Chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in Chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998 and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2 and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She is the coauthor of Metals and Life (RSC Publishing, 2009) and of Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010), which were part of a level 3 Open University course in inorganic chemistry and co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry. She was a team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was a co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied mainly to solid-state systems and is the author or coauthor of over 50 papers in refereed scientific journals. A long-standing collaboration in this area led to her being invited to help run a series of postgraduate workshops on computational materials science hosted by the University of Khartoum.Jennifer E. Readman was awarded a BA (Hons) chemistry degree from the University of Oxford and a PhD from the University of Birmingham under the supervision of Dr Paul Anderson. The PhD work involved the use of zeolite frameworks to act as host for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The postdoctoral work was carried out at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where the project involved using 17-O solid state NMR to study zeolites. This work was followed by SINTEF in Oslo, Norway, where the research project investigated carbon dioxide absorbents for use in the clean fuel production. After returning to the UK, Dr Readman returned to the University of Birmingham, working on a joint chemistry/biochemistry project with Dr Joe Hriljac and Prof. Lynne Macaskie, investigating synthetic and bio-manufactured layered phosphates for the remediation of nuclear waste. Before coming to work at UCLan, Dr Readman worked at Durham University under the supervision of Prof. John Evans working on negative thermal expansion materials. Jennifer teaches many different aspects of inorganic and physical chemistry across all year of the undergraduate chemistry programmes. The topics include structure and bonding in inorganic chem-istry, X-ray diffraction, chemistry of the s and p block elements, introductory d-block chemistry, advanced structural techniques, group theory, and advanced materials chemistry. She is the Course Leader for the undergraduate BSc (Hons) and MChem programmes. Her research interests lie in the areas of solid state chemistry, particularly in the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties, such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and metal silicates. Her main research interests also lie in techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction in the laboratory and at synchrotron sources such as the diamond light source. These materials have applications in industry, predomi-nately in the treatment of nuclear and pharmaceutical waste. Dr Readman is also interested in diffuse scattering, electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and solid state NMR.Lesley E. Smart studied Chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom, and after com-pleting a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University Chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer and Molecular Science Programme director. She held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She was the coordinating editor and the author of The Molecular World course, a series of eight books and DVDs co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry, authoring two of these, The Third Dimension (RSC Publishing, 2002) and Separation, Purification and Identification (RSC Publishing, 2002). Her most recent books are Alcohol and Human Health (Oxford University Press, 2007) and Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010). She has an entry in Mothers in Science: 64 Ways to Have It All (RSC Publishing, 2016; downloadable from the Royal Society website). She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund. Her research interests were in the characterisation of the solid state, and she authored publications on single-crystal Raman studies, X-ray crystallography, Zintl phases, pigments and heterogeneous catalysis and fuel cells.
- Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Crystal StructuresJennifer E. Readman and Lesley E. Smart1.1 Introduction1.2 Close packing1.3 Body-centred and Primitive Structures1.4 Lattices and Unit Cells1.4.1 Lattices1.4.2 One- and Two- Dimensional Unit Cells1.4.3 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells1.5 Crystalline solids1.5.1 Unit cell stoichiometry and Fractional Coordinates1.5.2 Ionic Solids with Formula MX1.5.2.1 Caesium Chloride1.5.2.2 Sodium Chloride1.5.2.3 Zinc Blende & Wurtzite1.5.2.4 Nickel Arsenide1.5.3 Solids with General Formula MX21.5.3.1 Fluorite and Anti-Fluorite1.5.3.2 Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Iodide1.5.3.3 Rutile1.5.3.4 -Cristobalite1.5.4 Other Important Crystal Structures1.5.4.1 Rhenium trioxide1.5.4.2 Perovskite1.5.4.3 Spinel and Inverse Spinel1.5.5 Miscellaneous Oxides1.6 Ionic Radii and the Radius Ratio Rule1.7 Extended Covalent Arrays1.8 Molecular Structures1.9 Lattice Energy1.9.1 Born-Haber Cycle1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Enthalpies1.9.3 Calculations Using Thermodynamic Cycles and Lattice Energies1.10 Symmetry1.10.1 Symmetry Notation1.10.2 Axes of Symmetry1.10.3 Planes of Symmetry1.10.4 Inversion1.10.5 Inversion Axes, Improper Symmetry Axes, and the Identity Element1.10.6 Operations1.10.7 Symmetry in Crystals1.10.8 Translational Symmetry Elements1.10.9 Space groups1.11 Miller Indices and Interplanar spacing1.12 QuasicrystalsSummary.QuestionsChapter 2 Scattering Techniques for Characterising SolidsJennifer E. Readman2.1 Introduction2.2 X-ray Diffraction2.2.1 The Generation of X-rays 2.2.2 Scattering of X-rays & Bragg’s Law2.2.3 The Diffraction Experiment2.2.4 The Powder Diffraction Pattern2.2.5 The Intensity of Diffracted Peaks2.2.6 The Width of Diffracted Peaks2.2.7 Rietveld Refinement2.2.8 Structure & Single-Crystal Diffraction solution2.3 Synchrotron Radiation2.3.1 Introduction2.3.2 Generation of Synchrotron X-rays2.3.3 Bending Magnets and Insertion Devices2.4 Neutron Diffraction2.4.1 Background & Production of Neutrons2.4.2 Neutron scattering2.4.3 Experimental Neutron Diffraction2.4.4 Magnetic Scattering2.5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis (PDF)2.5.1 Introduction2.5.2 Theoretical background2.5.3 The Total Scattering Experiment2.6 In-situ Experiments2.6.1 Variable Temperature2.6.2 Variable Pressure2.7 Free Electron Lasers (XFELs)2.7.1 Introduction2.7.2 How XFEL X-rays Are Generated2.7.3 Typical XFEL ExperimentsAppendix Allowed reflections for simple cubic cellsQuestionsChapter 3 – Non-Scattering Characterisation TechniquesJennifer E. Readman3.1 Introduction3.2 Electron Microscopy3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM}3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)3.2.3 Electron Diffraction (ED)3.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)3.2.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS / EDX)3.2.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)3.2.7 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) & Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)3.3 X-ray Spectroscopy3.3.1 Introduction3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)3.3.3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy3.3.4 EXAFS3.3.5 XANES3.3.6 Experimental XAS3.3.7 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)3.4 Solid State NMR3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 29-Si MAS NMR3.4.3 Quadrupolar nuclei3.5 Surface Area Measurements3.5.1 Gas Adsorption Isotherms3.5.2 Classification of Isotherms3.6 Thermal Analysis3.6.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)3.6.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)3.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)3.6.4 Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) & Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)Summary for chapters 2 and 3,QuestionsChapter 4 SynthesisElaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart4.1 Introduction4.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods4.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids4.2.2 Precursor Methods4.2.3 Sol–Gel Methods4.3. High-Pressure Methods4.3.1. Using High-Pressure Gases4.3.2. Using Hydrostatic Pressures4.4. Chemical Vapour Deposition4.4.1. Preparation of Semiconductors4.4.2. Diamond Films4.4.3 Optical Fibres4.5. Preparing Single Crystals4.5.1 Epitaxy Methods4.5.2 Chemical Vapour Transport4.5.3. Melt Methods4.5.4 Solution Methods4.6. Intercalation4.7. Green Chemistry4.7.1. Mechanochemical Synthesis4.7.2. Microwave Synthesis4.7.3. Hydrothermal Methods4.7.4. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis4.7.5 Biological-related methods4.7. 6. Barium Titanate4.8. Choosing a MethodChapter 5 Solids:Bonding and Electronic PropertiesElaine A. Moore and Neil Allan5.2. Bonding in Solids: Free electron theory5.2.1. Electronic conductivity5.1 Introduction5.3. Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory5.3.1. Simple Metals5.3.2. Group 14 elements5.4. Semiconductors5.4.1. Photoconductivity5.4.2. Doped Semiconductors5.5. p-n junction and field effect transistors5.5.1. Flash Memory5.6. Bands in compounds: Gallium Arsenide5.7. Bands in d-block compounds: transition metal monoxides5.8. Superconductivity5.8.1. BCS Theory of superconductivity5.8.2. High temperature superconductors: cuprates5.8.3. Iron superconductors5.9. SummaryQuestionsChapter 6 Defects and Non-stoichiometryElaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart6.1. Introduction6.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration6.2.1 Intrinsic Defects6.2.2 Concentration of Defects6.2.3 Extrinsic Defects6.2.4 Defect Nomenclature6.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds6.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wüstite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides6.3.2 Uranium Dioxide6.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure6.4 Extended Defects6.4.1 Crystallographic shear6.4.2 Planar Intergrowths6.4.3 Block Structures6.4.4 Pentagonal Columns6.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures6.5 Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides6.5.1. Transition metal monoxides6.6 SummaryQuestionsChapter 7 Batteries and Fuel CellsElaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart7.1. Introduction7.2. Ionic conductivity in solids7.3. Solid electrolytes7.3.1 Silver-ion conductors7.3.2. Lithium-ion conductors7.3.3. Sodium-ion conductors7.3.4. Oxide-ion conductors7.4. Lithium-based batteries7.5. Sodium-based batteries7.6. Fuel cells7.6.1. Solid oxide fuel cells7.6.2. Proton Exchange Membrane cells7.7. SummaryQuestionsChapter 8 Microporous and Mesoporous solidsJennifer E. Readman (and Lesley E. Smart ?)8.1. Introduction8.2 Silicates8.3. Zeolites8.3.1. Background8.3.2. Composition and Structure of Zeolites.8.3.3. Zeolite Nomenclature8.3.4. Si/Al ratios in Zeolites8.3.5. Exchangeable Cations8.3.6 Synthesis of Zeolites8.3.7. Uses of Zeolites8.4. Zeotypes8.4.1. Aluminophosphates8.4.2. Mixed Coordination Metallosilicates8.5. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)8.5.1. Composition and Structure of MOFs8.5.2. Example MOF Structures8.5.3. Breathing MOFs8.5.4. Synthesis of MOFs8.5.5. Applications of MOFs8.6. Zeolite-like MOFs8.7. Covalent Organic Frameworks8.8. Mesoporous Silicas8.9. ClaysSummaryQuestionsChapter Optical 9 and Thermal Properties of SolidsElaine A. Moore9.1 Introduction9.2. Interaction of Light with atoms9.2.1. Ruby Laser9.2.2. Phosphors for LEDs9.3. Colour Centres9.4. Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids9.4.1. Gallium Arsenide Laser9.4.2. Quantum Wells: Blue laser9.4.3. Light emitting diodes (LEDs)9.4.4. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells9.5. Carbon-based conducting polymers9.5.1. Polyacetylene9.5.2. Bonding in Polyacetylene and related polymers9.5.3 Organic LEDs (QLEDs)9.6. Refraction9.6.1. Calcite9.6.2. Optical Fibres9.7. Photonic crystals9.8. Thermal properties of Materials9.8.1 Heat Capacity9.8.2. Thermal Energy Storage9.8.3. Thermal Expansion9.8.4. Thermal conductivity9.8.5 Thermal devices9.9 SummaryQuestionsChapter 10 Magnetic and Electrical PropertiesElaine A. Moore10.1. Introduction10.2. Magnetic Susceptibility10.3. Paramagnetism in metal complexes10.4. Ferromagnetic Metals10.4.1. Magnetic Domains10.4.2 Permanent magnets10.4.3 Magnetic Shielding10.5. Ferromagnetic compounds: chromium dioxide10.6. Antiferromagnetism: transition metal monoxides10.7. Ferrimagnetism: ferrites10.7.1. Magnetic strips on swipe cards10.8. Spiral Magnetism10.9 Giant, Tunneling and colossal magnetoresistance10.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance10.9.2. Tunneling Magnetoresistance10.9.3 Car steering angle sensors10.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: manganites10.10 Magnetic properties of superconductors10.11 Electrical Polarisation10.12. Piezoelectric crystals A-Quartz10.13 Ferroelectric effect10.13.1. Capacitors10.14. Multiferroics10.14.1. Type 1 multiferroics:bismuth ferrite10.14.2. Type 2 multiferroics: terbium manganite10.15. SummaryQuestionsChapter 11 NanostructuresElaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart11.1. Introduction11.2. Consequences of the nanoscale11.2.1. Nanoparticle morphology11.2.2. Mechanical Properties11.2.3 Melting temperature11.2.4. Electronic properties11.2.5. Optical Properties11.2.6 Magnetic Properties11.3. Nanostructural Carbon11.3.1. Carbon Black11.3.2. Graphene11.3.3. Graphene Oxide11.3.4. Buckminsterfullerene11.3.5. Carbon nanotubes11.4. Noncarbon nanostructures11.4.1 Fumed Silica11.4.2. Metal nanoparticles11.4.3. Non-carbon -ene structures11.4.4. Other non-carbon nanostructures11.5. Synthesis of nanostructures11.5.1 Top-down methods11.5.2. Bottom-up methods11.5.3 Synthesis using templates11.6. Nanostructures in health11.7. Safety11.8 SummaryQuestionsChapter 12 SustainabilityMary Anne White12.1. Introduction12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society12.1.4 Elemental Abundances12.1.5 Solid State Chemistry’s Role in Sustainability12.1.6 Material Life Cycle12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches12.2.1 Green Chemistry12.2.2 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)12.2.3 Embodied Energy12.2.4 Exergy12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone12.4 Theoretical Approaches12.5 SummaryQuestions