Solar-to-Chemical Conversion

Hongqi Sun, PhD, is Full Professor of Chemical Engineering at Edith Cowan University, Australia.

• 1 Introduction: A Delicate Collection of Advances in Solar-to-Chemical Conversions 1Hongqi Sun2 Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels 7Jun Ke2.1 Introduction of Solar Fuels 72.2 Photosynthesis 82.3 Principles of Photocatalysis 102.4 Products of Artificial Photosynthesis 132.5 Perspective 343 Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis 41Dimitrios A. Pantazis3.1 Introduction 413.2 Overview of Natural Photosynthesis 433.3 Light Harvesting and Excitation Energy Transfer 443.4 Charge Separation and Electron Transfer 483.5 Water Oxidation 533.6 Carbon Fixation 613.7 Conclusions 634 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 77Amanj Kheradmand, Yuxiang Zhu, Shengshen Gu and Yijiao Jiang4.1 Introduction 774.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalytic H2 Evolution 794.3 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under UV Light 824.4 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under Visible Light 884.5 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under Near-Infrared Light 954.6 Roles of Sacrificial Reagents and Reaction Pathways 994.7 Summary and Outlook 1025 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution 107Zhiliang Wang and Lianzhou Wang5.1 Background of PhotoelectrocatalyticWater Splitting 1075.2 Mechanism of Charge Separation and Transfer 1095.3 Strategy for Improving Charge Transfer 1125.4 Strategy for Improving Electron-Hole Separation 1165.5 Surface Cocatalyst Design 1205.6 Unbiased PECWater Splitting 1225.7 Conclusion and Perspective 1236 Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution 129Huayang Zhang, Wenjie Tian and Shaobin Wang6.1 Introduction 1296.2 Homogeneous PhotocatalyticWater Oxidation 1316.3 Heterogeneous PhotocatalyticWater Oxidation 1376.4 Catalytic Active Site-Catalysis Correlation in LD Semiconductors 1566.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 1577 Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution 163Fumiaki Amano7.1 Introduction 1637.2 Honda-Fujishima Effect 1647.3 Factors Affecting the Photoanodic Current 1657.4 Electrode Potentials at Different pH 1687.5 Evaluation of PEC Performance 1707.6 Flat Band Potential and Photocurrent Onset Potential 1727.7 Selection of Materials 1737.8 Enhancement of PEC Properties 1757.9 PEC Device forWater Splitting 1827.10 Conclusions and Outlook 1848 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Overall Water Splitting 189Nur Aqlili Riana Che Mohamad, Filipe Marques Mota and Dong Ha Kim8.1 Introduction 1898.2 Photocatalytic OverallWater Splitting 1908.3 Photoelectrochemical OverallWater Splitting 2138.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 2309 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 243Maochang Liu, Guijun Chen, Boya Min, Jinwen Shi, Yubin Chen and Qibin Liu9.1 Introduction 2439.2 Principle of Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 2459.3 Energy and Mass Transfers in Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 2479.4 Conclusions 26510 Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction 269Zhongxue Yang, Hui Ning, Qingshan Zhao, Hongqi Sun and Mingbo Wu10.1 Introduction 26910.2 PEC CO2 Reduction Principles 27210.3 Application of Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion in PEC CO2 Reduction 27610.4 Other Configurations for PEC CO2 Reduction 28910.5 Conclusion and Outlook 29211 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Nitrogen Fixation 301Lei Shi and Hongqi Sun11.1 Introduction 30111.2 Fundamental Principles and Present Challenges 30311.3 Strategies for Catalyst Design and Fabrication 30711.4 Conclusions and Outlook 33312 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide Using MOF Materials 339Xiaolang Chen, Yasutaka Kuwahara, Kohsuke Mori and Hiromi Yamashita12.1 Introduction 33912.2 Photocatalytic H2O2 Production Through Selective Two-Electron Reduction of O2 Utilizing NiO/MIL-125-NH2 34012.3 Two-Phase System Utilizing Linker-Alkylated Hydrophobic MIL-125-NH2 for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production 34612.4 Ti Cluster-Alkylated Hydrophobic MIL-125-NH2 for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production in Two-Phase System 35612.5 Conclusion and Outlooks 36213 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Methane 365Jinqiang Zhang and Hongqi Sun13.1 Introduction 36513.2 Photo-Mediated Processes 36713.3 Differences Between Photo-Assisted Catalysis and Thermocatalysis 36913.4 Reactions of Methane Conversion via Photo-Assisted Catalysis 37313.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 38314 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Biomass 389Xiaoqing Liu, Wei Wei and Bing-Jie Ni14.1 Introduction 38914.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes 39114.3 Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass 39314.4 Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Biomass 40614.5 Conclusion Remarks and Perspectives 41215 Reactors, Fundamentals, and Engineering Aspects for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Systems 419Boon-Junn Ng, Xin Ying Kong, Yi-Hao Chew, Yee Wen Teh and Siang-Piao Chai15.1 Fundamental Mechanisms of Photocatalytic and PEC Processes 41915.2 Reactor Design and Configuration 42815.3 Engineering Aspects of Photocatalytic and PEC Processes 43615.4 Conclusions and Outlook 443List of Abbreviations 444References 44516 Prospects of Solar Fuels 449Hongqi SunIndex 453