Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion, Volume II

Dr. Steven E. Hijmans, Professor of Roman Archaeology at the University of Alberta in Canada, studied Classics and Archaeology at Groningen University. He has published numerous articles on Sol, other aspects of Roman religion, and visual meanings.

• List of FiguresAbbreviationsVolume IIntroduction1 Art and Sol: Some Parameters for an Analysis of Images of the Roman Sun1 Two Sun Gods?2 Reading Roman Art – The Problem of the “Greek Norm”3 Greek Art and Etruscan Art4 Greek Art and Good Taste5 The Iconographic Toolbox6 The Semantics of Roman Art7 Matters of Methodology8 The Interpretative Process – Understanding Manners of Meaning2 Recognizing Sol: The Three Main Image Types1 Introduction2 Criteria3 Divine Radiance3 Understanding the Image Types for Sol: Main Definitions1 Introduction2 Chronological Evolution and Meaningful Patterns3 Sol as a Deity4 Sol in Mythological Scenes5 Sol as a Minor Figure6 Sol-and-Luna 1 – Architecture and Liminality7 Sol-and-Luna 2 – Attributes of Aeternitas8 Sol-and-Luna 3 – Cultic Reliefs9 Sol-and-Luna 4 – Sarcophagi10 Sol-and-Luna 5 – Alone, without Context11 Sol-and-Luna 6 – Early Middle Ages12 Sol Alone, as Minor Figure or in Complex Scenes13 Intaglios4 Understanding the Image Types for Sol: Specific Cases1 Sol and Alexander2 Sol in the Synagogue3 A Divine Kiss on the Lips4 Funerary Altar of Julia Victorina5 Mithras6 Preliminary Results7 Sol: The PlanetThe Images: Catalogue and Discussion1 Table of Contents2 Introduction3 Catalogue4 DiscussionVolume II5 Temples and Priests of Sol in Rome1 The Origins of the Cult of Sol in Rome2 Early Temples of Sol in Rome: Circus Maximus and Quirinal3 The Porticus Solis – a Misidentified Temple of Sol4 Priests and Others Involved in the Cult5 Sol and the Roman Notions of DivinityAppendix: Inscriptions Cited by Palmer and Chausson6 Solar, Divine, or Imperial? Understanding the Radiance of Gods and Emperors in Roman Art1 Introduction2 A Hint of Sol3 A Statue in Raleigh4 The Sternenstreit5 Circe6 The Imperial Radiate Crown7 The Emperor as Sol?1 Nero as Sol?2 Other Depictions of the Emperor as Sol?3 Constantine as Sol?4 Conclusions8 Sol-Luna Symbolism and the Carmen Saeculare of Horace1 Introduction2 The Sign Sol-and-Luna3 Horace’s Carmen Saeculare – Another terminus ante quem4 Mommsen’s Criticism and Its Aftermath5 Horace’s Hymn Rehabilitated6 In Conclusion9 Image and Word: Christ or Sol in Mausoleum M of the Vatican Necropolis?1 Introduction2 Mausoleum M3 Interpretation and the Diachronic Aspect4 Parallels5 With Roman Eyes6 Visual Impact, Meaning, and Atmosphere7 Visual Meanings versus Verbal Ones8 In Conclusion10 From Aurelian to Julian: Sol in Late Antiquity1 Sol Invictus and Christmas2 Pagans, Christians, and Cosmic Divinity3 Pagans, Christians, and “Solar Theology”4 Sol as Supreme Deity?5 Beliefs, Ambiguities, and Imagery6 Constantine and Purposeful Traditionalism7 In Conclusion11 The Invention of Sol Invictus: An Analysis of Previous Research on Sol1 The Republican Sun God2 The Orient and the Imperial Sol3 Classical Studies and the Western Elite4 The Tenacity of Paradigms and IdeologyConclusionsBibliographyConcordancesPlatesI Sol: A Viewer’s TypologyII CatalogueIndex