In this text, the authors call attention to the social consequences of human-computer interaction and begin the process of developing a theoretical framework that recognizes the interdisciplinary nature of the interactions that occur between people and machines. Theories found in social psychology, sociology, and anthropology are used to illustrate how these disciplines can facilitate our understanding of the social processes, underlying human-computer interactions and how this understanding benefits the design, development and implementation of computer systems. This volume represents a blend of theory, research and application. The theory chapters offer alternative perspectives on issues that should be considered by system designers and managers. Each of the chapters follow a similar format. Variables commonly used by a given discipline are examined first, followed by a discussion of the theoretical perspectives relevant to that social science. Each major section concludes with a series of questions researchers can consider when designing new projects and managers can use when implementing approaches to studying the impacts computers have on people.
Preface vii Chapter 1Introduction 1Why This Book is Needed 3Theories and Theoretical Perspectives 6Social Psychology 7Social Organizations 11Anthropology 14Integrating the Perspectives 17Applying Social Science 18Book Overview 19Bibliography 20 Chapter 2The Social Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction 23The Scope of Social Psychology 25Researcher's Agenda 28Manager's Agenda 28Computer Socialization 29Researcher's Agenda 31Manager's Agenda 32Attitude Theory 32Definition of Attitude 33An Attitude is Relatively Enduring 33An Attitude is an Organization of Beliefs 35An Attitude is Organized Around an Object or Situation 40An Attitude is a Set of Interrelated Predispositions to Respond 41Attitudes Lead to Preferential Responses 41Summary 42Researcher's Agenda 42Manager's Agenda 43Attitudes and Behavior 43Attitude-Behavior Models 43Fishbein and Ajzen Model 43Bentler and Speckart Model 46Attitude-Behavior: An Empirical Example 49Behavior-Attitude Models 51Researcher's Agenda 54Manager's Agenda 55Individual Differences 55Personality Traits 56Perceived Locus of Control 58Extraversion-Introversion 59Fear of Failure/Need for Achievement 59Anxiety 60Defensive mechanisms 61Cognitive Style 62Field-dependent/Field-independent 62Systematic/Heuristic 63Verbalizers/Visualizers 63Flexibility versus Rigidity 64Demographic/Situational Variables 64Sex-typing and Personality Development 65Age 65Education 66Prior Experience 67Usage Classification Schemes 68Researcher's Agenda 69Manager's Agenda 70Normative Influences 70Social Norms 72Personal Norms 72The Return Potential Model 73Researcher's Agenda 76Manager's Agenda 77Group Productivity and Cooperative Work 77Defining Group Productivity 77Factors Affecting Group Productivity 78Group Tasks 78Group Size 80Group Cohesiveness 81Communication Network Structure 82Social Psychological Aspects of Computer Mediated Communication 82Current CSCW Research 85An Empirical Example 86Researcher's Agenda 89Manager's Agenda 89Chapter Summary 90Bibliography 93 Chapter 3Organizational Influences and Theories 105The Nature of Human Organizations 106Researcher's Agenda 107Manager's Agenda 108Organization Analysis Variables 108Authority and Power 108Size and Complexity 110Efficiency and Effectiveness 111Information 111Technology 113Environment 114Researcher's Agenda 115Manager's Agenda 116Theories of Social Organizations 116The Structural Approach 117The Bureaucracy of Max Weber 118The Scientific Management Perspective 122Applying the Structural Perspective 124Summary - The Structural Perspective 130Researcher's Agenda 130Manager's Agenda 131The Human Relations School 131Human Need 133Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory 134McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y 136Personality and Organization 138Ouchi's Theory Z 140Critique of the Human Relations Perspective 141Researcher's Agenda 142Manager's Agenda 143Open Systems Theory 143Sociotechnical Design 145Models of Innovation 147Parameter Estimation 148An Empirical Example 149Researcher's Agenda 151Manager's Agenda 151Chapter Summary 152Bibliography 153 Chapter 4Anthropology: The Symbols of Meaning 163The Scope of Anthropology 166The Concept of Culture 167Researcher's Agenda 170Manager's Agenda 171Anthropological Variables 171Symbols 171Rituals 174Myths 176Researcher's Agenda 179Manager's Agenda 179Theories in Anthropology 179Linguistics 181Structural Anthropology 181Pragmatism 184Cognitive Anthropology 186Ecological Theory 189Symbolic Interactionism 193Researcher's Agenda 196Manager's Agenda 198Applying Anthropological Theories 199An Example from the Software Games Industry 199Chapter Summary 200Bibliography 202 Chapter 5Measurement and Evaluation 209Overview of the Methodologies 210Observation of Behavior 213Participant Observation 213Thinking Aloud 214Software Monitor Observation 215The Development of a Software Monitor Package 217Special Problems of Multiuser System Monitoring 217Empirical Examples 219Empirical Example 1: Office Automation Usage 220Empirical Example 2: Electronic Mail 221Summary- Software Monitor 224Ethical Issues 226Summary- Observation of Behavior 227Design Team Techniques 228Advantages of Committees 230Disadvantages of Committees 231The Delphi Procedure 232Conducting a Delphi Sequence 233The Nominal Group 236Experiments 237Common experimental designs 240Empirical Example 242Results 243 Example Summary 250Surveys 251The Survey Research Process 253Types of Questionnaires 258Mail versus Telephone versus Personal Interviews 258Electronic Surveys 260Empirical Example 262Selected Survey Findings 263Summary - Surveys 265Chapter Summary 266Bibliography 267 Author Index 275 Subject Index 285
Michael J. Manfredo, Jerry J. Vaske, Michael J. Manfredo, Jerry J. Vaske, Perry J. Brown, Daniel J. Decker, Esther A. Duke, Michael J Manfredo, Jerry J Vaske, Perry J Brown, Daniel J Decker, Esther A Duke