Social Development, EMEA Edition

Häftad, Engelska, 2019

Av Ross D. Parke, Glenn I. Roisman, Amanda J. Rose, Riverside) Parke, Ross D. (University of California, IL) Roisman, Glenn I. (University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, Amanda J. (University of Missouri) Rose

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Social Development provides a comprehensive introduction to the multiple factors that shape a child’s behavior, interaction with others, feelings about themselves, and how and why behaviors change over time. Delving into the biological, cognitive, and perceptual aspects of development and their influence on behavior, socialization, and self-image, this text also recognizes the significance of cultural and societal distinctions by emphasizing the value of context and identifying cultural variation’s role in social development.Special pedagogical features in each chapter enhance the learning experience and promote student understanding: counter-intuitive examples cases challenge reader assumptions, coverage of extreme cases tell the story behind historical advancements, and profiles of current leaders in the field highlight the many paths to a career in social development. With a focus on real-world application, coupled with coverage of cutting-edge methodologies and the latest research findings, this book gives students a strong, highly relevant foundation in core concepts and practices central to the study of social development.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-10-18
Mått10 x 10 x 10 mm
Vikt454 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor672
Upplaga3
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119657651

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Preface xix1 Introduction: Theories of Social Development 1Bet You Didn’t Know That . . . Newborns Can Recognize Their Mothers by Smell 2Social Development: A Brief History 2Critical Questions about Social Development 3How Do Biological and Environmental Influences Affect Social Development? 3What Role Do Children Play In Their Own Development? 4What Is The Appropriate Unit for Studying Social Development? 4Insights from Extremes: Genie, a “Wild Child” 5Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 5Is Social Behavior the Result of the Situation or the Child? 7Is Social Development Universal Across Cultures? 7Cultural Context: Parenting Advice Around the Globe 8How Does Social Development Vary Across Historical Eras? 9Is Social Development Related to Other Developmental Domains? 10How Important Are Mothers for Children’s Social Development? 10Research Up Close: Children of the Great Depression 11Is There a Single Pathway of Social Development? 12What Influences How We Judge Children’s Social Behavior? 13Do Developmental Psychologists “Own” Social Development? 13Is Social Development Focused on Only Basic Research or on Applied and Policy Relevant Concerns as Well? 14Theoretical Perspectives on Social Development 14Psychodynamic Perspective 15Into Adulthood: Fatherhood and Generativity 19Traditional Learning Theory Perspective 20Cognitive Learning Perspective 21Information-Processing Perspective 24Cognitive Developmental Perspective 26Systems-Theory Perspective 29Biological Perspective 31Life Span Perspective 35A Variety of Theoretical Perspectives 36Learning from Living Leaders 36Chapter Summary 38Key Terms 41At the Movies 412 Research Methods: Tools for Discovery 43Getting Started: Formulating Hypotheses, Asking Questions 44Research Methods: Establishing Patterns and Causes 44The Correlational Method 45Laboratory Experiments 46Field Experiments, Interventions, and Natural Experiments 48Insights from Extremes: Lost and Found Children 49Combining Different Methods 50Real-World Application: Treating an Aggressive Child 51The Case Study Approach 52Studying Change Over Time 52Cross-Sectional Design 52The Longitudinal Design 52Into Adulthood: Behavior in Childhood Predicts Adult Outcomes 55The Cross-Sequential Design 55Selecting a Sample 57Representativeness of the Sample 57The National Survey Approach 58Meta-Analysis: Combining Results Across Studies 59Studying Development Cross-Culturally 59Cultural Context: Challenges for Researchers 60Gathering Data 61Children’s Self-Reports 61Research Up Close: The Puppet Interview Method 62Reports by Family Members, Teachers, and Peers 64Focus Groups 65Direct Observation 66Bet You Thought That . . .: Parents Can Accurately Report Retrospectively About Their Children’s Early Years 67Ways of Recording and Coding Observations 70Analyzing Data 74Ethics of Research with Children 76Learning from Living Leaders 78Chapter Summary 81Key Terms 83At the Movies 833 Biological Foundations: Roots in Neurons and Genes 85Biological Preparedness for Social Interaction 86How Are Babies Prepared? 86Why Are Babies Prepared? 90The Neurological Basis of Social Development 90The Brain 91Brain Growth and Development 91Hemispheric Specialization 93Neurons and Synapses 94Brain Development and Experience 95Mirror Neurons and the Social Brain 95Genetics and Social Development 99Bet You Thought That . . .: Genes Determine Your Potential 99Methods of Studying Genetic Contributions to Development 100Models of Genetic Influence 103Genetic Anomalies 108Research Up Close: A Genetic Risk for Drug Use 109Insights from Extremes: Autism 110Real-World Application: Genetic Counseling, Genetic Selection 112Temperament: Causes and Consequences 113Defining and Measuring Temperament 113Cultural Context: Are Temperaments the Same Around the World? 115The Biological Basis of Temperament 115Early Evidence of Temperament 117Consequences and Correlates of Temperament 117Into Adulthood: Shy Children Thirty Years Later 120Learning from Living Leaders 121Chapter Summary 123Key Terms 125At the Movies 1264 Attachment: Forming Close Relationships 127Theories of Attachment 128Psychoanalytic Theory 128Learning Theories 129Cognitive Developmental Theory 129Ethological Theory 130Insights from Extremes: Maternal Bonding 131How Attachment Develops 132Formation and Early Development of Attachment 133What It Means to Be Attached 133Attachment to Whom? 134The Nature and Quality of Attachment 135Bet You Thought That . . .: Babies Become Attached to Their Teddy Bears and Blankets 135Different Types of Attachment Relationships 136Cultural Context: Assessing Attachment in Different Cultures 140Parents’ Role in Infants’ Attachment Development 141Research Up Close: Early Experience, Hormones, and Attachment 145Real-World Application: Attachment When Mother (or Father) Goes to Prison 149Effects of Infant Characteristics on Attachment 150Stability and Consequences of Attachment 151Stability and Change in Attachment Over Time 151Attachments in Older Children 153Consequences of Attachment 153Into Adulthood: From Early Attachment to Later Romantic Relationships 158Learning from Living Leaders 159Chapter Summary 161Key Terms 163At the Movies 1635 Emotions: Thoughts about Feelings 165What Are Emotions? 166Why Are Emotions Important? 166Perspectives on Emotional Development 166Biological Perspective 167Learning Perspective 167Functional Perspective 168Development of Emotions 168Primary Emotions 169Bet You Thought That. . .: A Smile Is a Smile Is a Smile 172Secondary Emotions 178Individual Differences in Emotional Expressiveness 181Development of Emotional Understanding 182Recognizing Emotions in Others 182Cultural Context: Expressing and Understanding Emotions in Different Cultures 184Beyond Recognition: Knowledge of and Understanding About Emotions 185Emotion Regulation 188Socialization of Emotion 189Into Adulthood: Controlling Negative Emotions in Adulthood 190Socialization by Parents 191Socialization by Other Children 194Research Up Close: Emotional Development in a High School Theater Program 194Socialization by Teachers 195Real-World Application: Teachers as Promoters of Emotional Competence 196When Emotional Development Goes Wrong 197Insights from Extremes: When Children Commit Suicide 199Causes of Childhood Depression 200Treating Childhood Depression 201Learning from Living Leaders 202Chapter Summary 203Key Terms 204At the Movies 2046 Self and Other: Getting to Know Me, Getting to Know You 206The Sense of Self 207Developmental Origins of Self-Concept 208Cultural Context: How Culture Shapes Self-Representations 210Difficulty Developing a Sense of Self: Autistic Children 211Self-Perceptions 212Global Self-Esteem 212Domain-Specific Perceptions 212Learning Self-Appraisal 213Gender Variations in Global Self-Esteem 214Social Determinants of Self-Esteem 215Identity Formation 216Into Adulthood: Identity Formation Continues 219Ethnic Identity 220Religious Identity 225Real-World Application: Sexual Orientation and Identity 226Development of Knowledge about Others 228Early Understanding of Intentions and Norms 228Later Understanding of Mental States: Theory of Mind 228Research Up Close: The Brain Beneath Theory of Mind 229Bet You Thought That . . .: Babies Are Not Mind Readers 230Understanding Psychological Trait Labels 231Perspective Taking 232Advancing Social Understanding 233Stereotyping and Prejudice 235Insights from Extremes: The Most Extreme Prejudice: Genocide 238Communication Between Me and You: The Role of Language 239Steps Toward Language Fluency 239Semantic Development: The Power of Words 241The Acquisition of Grammar: From Words to Sentences 241Learning the Social Uses of Language 242Learning from Living Leaders 244Chapter Summary 245Key Terms 247At the Movies 2477 Family: Early and Enduring Influences 248The Family System 249The Couple System 249Into Adulthood: Transition to Parenthood 253The Parent–Child System 254Research Up Close: Transmission of Hostile Parenting across Generations 259Bet You Thought That . . .: Parenting Is a Brain Drain, Not a Brain Booster 262The Coparenting System 264Insights from Extremes: When Is a Family Too Large? 265The Sibling System 265The Family Unit: Stories, Rituals, and Routines 270Real-World Application: “Let’s Have Dinner” 271Family Variation: Social Class and Culture 272Differences in Family Values and Practices Related to Socioeconomic Status 272Cultural Patterns in Child Rearing 273Cultural Context: How Effects of Parenting Vary Across Cultures 274The Changing American Family 276Parents’ Employment and Child Development 277Parenting after Thirty 280New Reproductive Technologies 281Adoption: Another Route to Parenthood 281Gay and Lesbian Parents 282Parenting Alone 283Divorce and Remarriage 284Learning from Living Leaders 291Chapter Summary 293Key Terms 295At the Movies 2958 Peers: A World of Their Own 297Definitions and Distinctions 298Developmental Patterns of Peer Interaction 298First Encounters in Infancy 298Social Exchanges between Toddlers 300Peer Play in Early Childhood 301Peer Society in the School Years 302Peer Interactions in Adolescence 304Peers as Socializers 304Modeling Behavior 305Reinforcing and Punishing Behavior 305Contagion 305Social Comparison 306Cultural Context: Peer Roles and Relationships in Different Cultures 306Peer Status 308Studying Peer Status: Acceptance and Rejection 308Factors that Affect Peer Acceptance 309Consequences of Peer Rejection 315Bet You Thought That . . .: Names Would Never Hurt You 316Research Up Close: When “Love Thine Enemy” Fails 317Insights from Extremes: From Rejection to Revenge? 318Promoters of Peer Acceptance 320Parents as Promoters of Peer Acceptance 320Researchers as Promoters of Peer Acceptance 324Peers Can Help Too 326When Peers Become Friends 326Age Changes in Friendship 326Interactions with Friends 329Insights from Extremes: When Children Love and Protect Each Other 330Friendship Patterns 331The Pros and Cons of Friendship 332Romantic Relationships 332Interaction in Groups 334Dominance Hierarchies 335Cliques, Crowds, and Gangs 336Into Adulthood: What Happens When Jocks, Brains, and Princesses Grow Up 337Real-World Application: Youth Gangs 339Learning from Living Leaders 339Chapter Summary 341Key Terms 343At the Movies 3449 Schools, Mentors, and Media: Connections with Society 345The Role of the School in Social Development 346Schools as Social Communities 346School Size and Organization 347Class Size and Organization 350Bet You Thought That . . .: Homeschooled Children Were Socially Disadvantaged 352The Teachers’ Impact 353School–Family Links 355Cultural Context: Matching Classroom Organization to Cultural Values and Practices 356School Integration 359After-School Programs 360Mentors Supporting Social Development 361Natural Mentors 362Mentor Programs 363Electronic Media and Children’s Social Lives 364Screen Media: Television and Digital Media 364Positive Effects of Screen Media 364Potential Negative Effects of Screen Media 365Do Children Understand What They See? 369Real-World Application: Advertising Influences Children’sChoices 371How Can Parents and Siblings Modify TV’s Negative Effects? 372Into Adulthood: Still Playing Games? 373Playing Video Games 374Smartphones and Social Media 375Potential Positive Effects of Smartphones and Social Media 375Concerns Regarding Smartphones and Social Media 377Research Up Close: Role-Playing Games and Social Life 380Insights from Extremes: The Risks of Sexting 381Learning from Living Leaders 381Chapter Summary 384Key Terms 386At the Movies 38610 Sex and Gender: Vive La Différence? 388Getting Started: Defining Sex and Gender 388Gender Differences in Growth, Abilities, Activities, and Interests 389Changes in Adolescence and Adulthood 392Stability of Gender Typing 393Into Adulthood: Occupations for Men and Women 393Sex Differences in Gender Typing 395Gender Stereotypes 395Cultural Context: Cultural Differences in Gender Stereotypes 397Biological Factors in Gender Differences 398Bet You Thought That . . .: Gender Identity was Determined by Biological Sex 398Evolutionary Theory and Gender Development 400Insights from Extremes: The First American Transgendered Person 400Hormones and Social Behavior 401Gender and the Brain 402Genetics of Gender 404Biology and Cultural Expectations 404Cognitive Factors in Gender Typing 405Cognitive Developmental Theory 406Gender-Schema Theory: An Information-Processing Approach 407Comparison of Cognitive Developmental and Gender-Schema Theories 408Social Influences on Gender Typing 408Theories of Social Influence 408Parents’ Influence on Children’s Gender-Typed Choices 409Parents’ Behavior toward Girls and Boys 410Modeling Parents’ Characteristics 413When Father Is Absent 413Research Up Close: Gender Roles in Counterculture Families 414Siblings as Agents of Gender Socialization 416Role Models in Books, Games, and Television 417Peers, Gender Roles, and Gender Segregation 418Real-World Application: Do Computers Widen the Gender Gap? 419Schools and Teachers 422Nature and Nurture 425Androgyny 425Learning from Living Leaders 427Chapter Summary 428Key Terms 430At the Movies 43111 Morality: Knowing Right, Doing Good 432Moral Judgment 433Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Moral Judgment 433Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Moral Judgment 435Insights from Extremes: Moral Heroes 437Cultural Context: Justice versus Interpersonal Obligations in India and the United States 441Turiel’s Social Domain Theory 443How Children Learn the Rules and Distinguish between Social Domains 446Moral Behavior 449Bet You Thought That . . .: Moral Judgment Leads to Moral Action 450Self-Regulation of Behavior 451Individual Differences in Moral Behavior 451Consistency of Moral Behavior across Situations and Time 452Into Adulthood: The Love of Money Is the Root of All Evil 453Research Up Close: Children Telling Lies 454Moral Emotions 456Development of Moral Emotions 456Do Moral Emotions Affect Moral Behavior? 458Real-World Application: Adolescents’ Competence to Stand Trial as Adults 459The Whole Moral Child 460Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior 461How Prosocial Behavior and Reasoning Develop 461Determinants of Prosocial Development 464Learning from Living Leaders 470Chapter Summary 473Key Terms 474At the Movies 47412 Aggression: Insult and Injury 476Types of Aggression 477Patterns of Aggression 479Developmental Changes in Aggression 479Gender Differences in Aggression 481Stability of Individual Differences in Aggression 483Into Adulthood: From Childhood Aggression to Road Rage 485Causes of Aggression 486Biological Origins of Aggressive Behavior 486Social Influences on the Development of Aggression 489Insights from Extremes: Child Soldiers 493Combined Biological and Social Influences on Aggression 497Research Up Close: Genes, Environmental Triggers, and Aggressive Behavior 499Sociocognitive Factors in the Development of Aggression 500Bullies and Victims 502Behavior of Bullies and Victims 503Consequences of Bullying 505Real-World Application: Cyberfighting and Cyberbullying 505Conditions Leading to Bullying 507Control of Aggression 508Bet You Thought That . . .: You Could Reduce Aggressive Feelings by “Letting off Steam” 508Cognitive Modification Strategies 509Parents as Agents for Reducing Aggression 509Schools as Venues for Intervention 510Aggression Prevention: A Multipronged Effort 510Cultural Context: Preventing Youth Violence 513Learning from Living Leaders 514Chapter Summary 516Key Terms 517At the Movies 51813 Policy: Improving Children’s Lives 519What Determines Public Policy for Children? 520Types of Public Policy 521Children in Poverty: A Social Policy Challenge 523Economic Hardship and Social Disadvantage 523Effects of Poverty on Children 523Programs to Reverse Effects of Poverty 524Real-World Application: Early Intervention with Children in Poverty 527Child Care: A Problem Lacking a Unified Policy 528Choosing Child Care: What’s a Parent to Do? 528Effects of Child Care on Children 529How Can Policy Help? 531Research Up Close: The Florida Child Care Quality Improvement Study 534Teenage Pregnancy: Children Having Children 534Factors Leading to Teen Pregnancy 535Bet You Thought That . . .: More Teens Are Having Sex Than Ever Before 536Outcomes of Teen Pregnancies 536Into Adulthood: When Teen Mothers Grow Up 538Reducing Teen Pregnancy 539Support for Teenage Mothers 542Child Abuse within the Family 543Child Abuse: A Family Affair 543The Ecology of Child Abuse 545Consequences of Abuse 546Policies to Prevent Abuse 547Cultural Context: Child Abuse and Children’s Rights 547Insights from Extremes: Suggestive Interrogations and Legal Policy 551Learning from Living Leaders 553Chapter Summary 556Key Terms 558At the Movies 55914 Overarching Themes: Integrating Social Development 560What We Know: Some Take-Home Principles 561Views of the Social Child 561Organization and Explanation of Children’s Social Behavior 562Social Agents and Contexts for Social Development 563Progress and Pathways of Social Development 564Glimpsing the Future: Methodological, Theoretical, and Policy Imperatives 566Methodological Imperatives 566Theoretical Imperatives 567Policy Imperatives 568Emerging Leaders in Social Development 569At the Wedding 574Glossary 575Author Index 587Subject Index 609References (Available from your Instructor)