Smart Grids for Smart Cities, Volume 2

O.V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, earned her PhD in electrical engineering from VIT University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2019. Her current research interests include microgrid protection, power system optimization, embedded systems, and photovoltaic systems. K. Karthikeyan is an electrical and electronics engineering graduate with a master’s in personnel management from the University of Madras. He has two decades of experience in electrical design. He is Chief Engineering Manager in Electrical Designs for Larsen & Toubro Construction. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetic, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 750 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.

• Preface xv21 Smart Child Tracking System 1Vijayan Sumathi, Mohamed Abdullah. J., Rethinam Senthil and E. Prema21.1 Introduction 121.2 System Modeling 321.3 Hardware Design 321.4 Results and Discussion 521.5 Conclusion 7References 822 Smart Vehicular Parking Systems for Open Parking Lots 11Sidharth Mishra, Rohan B., D. Subbulekshmi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and Raana Cariappa Kalianda22.1 Introduction 1122.2 Description of Smart Parking System 1222.3 Circuit Diagram 1322.4 Block Diagram 1422.5 Working Principle 1522.6 Results and Inference 1722.7 Conclusion 19Future Scope 19Bibliography 1923 Two Efficient Approaches to Building a Recommendation Engine for Movies Based on Collaborative Filtering on User Ratings 21Aniket Biswal and Thirumurugan Krishnasamy23.1 Introduction 2223.2 Approach 1: Model-Based Collaborative Filtering 2423.2.1 Implementation of Recommender System 2523.3 Approach 2: Graph-Based Collaborative Filtering 3023.3.1 Reasons for Choosing a Graph-Based Approach over Memory-Based 3023.3.2 Implementation of the Recommendation System 3123.4 Conclusion 35References 3624 Design and Construction of Unbiased Digital Dice 37Debdatta Bhunia, D. Subbulekshmi, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, Kulkarni Swanand Nishikant, Prashashya Patel and Sradha N.24.1 Introduction 3724.2 Description 3924.3 Circuit Diagram and Components 4024.4 Working Principle 4224.5 Conclusion 43Bibliography 4325 Review on Utilizing E-Waste in Concrete 45P. Krithiga, P. J. Subha Shree, B. Thihalya and B. Siva Prakash25.1 Introduction 4525.2 Methodology 4725.3 Composition of E-Waste 4825.4 Process of Export 5025.5 Impact of E-Waste on Environment and Human Health 5125.5.1 Environmental Impact 5125.5.2 Impact on Human Health 5125.6 Techniques - 4R Approach 5325.6.1 Reduce 5325.6.2 Reuse 5425.6.3 Recycle 5425.6.4 Restore 5525.7 E-Waste in Concrete 5525.8 Strength Analysis 5525.8.1 Compressive Strength 5525.8.2 Tensile Strength 5625.8.3 Flexural Strength 5625.8.4 Workability 5725.8.5 Specific Gravity 5725.8.6 Water Absorption 5725.8.7 Modulus of Elasticity 5825.9 Conclusion 58References 5926 Smart Trash Can 65Vijayan Sumathi and M. Subashini26.1 Introduction 6526.2 Literature Survey 6626.3 The Proposed System 6626.4 Hardware Design 6726.4.1 Microcontroller Board 6826.4.2 Bluetooth Module (HC-05) 6826.4.3 Transmitter Section 6826.4.4 Receiver Section 6826.5 Design and Implementation of Software 6926.6 Results 7026.6.1 Arduino 7126.6.2 Python 7126.6.3 My SQL 7226.6.4 Web Page 7226.7 Conclusion 72References 7327 Voltage Fluctuation Control Analysis of Induction Motor Drives in Textile Mill Using Phasor Measurement Unit 75M. Naveen Babu and P.K. Dhal27.1 Introduction 7527.2 Existing System 7827.3 Proposed System 7827.4 Experimental Analysis 8027.5 Experimental Results 8227.6 Conclusion 83Appendix 83References 8428 Smart Cities and Buildings 87S. M. Subash, R. Dhanasekaran and B. Santhosh Kumar28.1 Introduction 8828.2 Components of Smart City 8828.2.1 Public Transport 8828.2.2 Road Traffic Management 8828.2.3 Building – Safety & Security 9028.2.4 Energy and Water Management 9128.2.5 Waste Management 9128.3 Conclusion 92References 9229 Minimizing the Roundness Variation in Automobile Brake Drum by Using Taguchi Technique 95R. Manivasagam and S.P. Richard29.1 Introduction 9529.1.1 Roundness 9629.2 Methodology with Taguchi Technique for Minimum Roundness of Varies 9629.2.1 Measurement of Out-of-Roundness 9629.2.2 Orthogonal Arrays 9729.2.3 Pareto ANOVA 9729.3 Experimental Conditions 9729.4 Control Factors and Levels 9929.5 Selection of Array Size 9929.6 Experimental Conditions and Calculations of S/N Ratio 10029.7 Pareto Diagram for Out-of-Roundness 10129.8 Response Table of Process Parameter 10229.9 Conclusion 102References 10330 Analysis of Developments on Mechanical Properties on Aluminum Alloys: A Review 105Yogesh Dubey, Pankaj Sharma and M. P. Singh30.1 Introduction 10530.2 Literature Review 10630.3 Conclusion 112References 11331 Study of Electromagnetic Field in Induction Motor Using Ansys Maxwell 115Gajendra Yadav N. and Jyoti Koujalagi31.1 Introduction 11531.2 Mathematical Modeling 11631.3 Methodology 11831.4 Simulation Result 11931.4.1 Magneto Dynamic Analysis 11931.4.2 Magneto Static Analysis 12131.5 Limitations 12431.6 Future Scope 12431.7 Conclusion 124References 12432 A New Method of Sensor-Less Speed Vector Control of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Model-Reference Adaptive System 127S. Venkatesh Kumar, C. Kathirvel and P. Sebastian Vindro Jude32.1 Introduction 12732.2 Adaptive Control with Reference Model System (Stationary Frame) 13032.3 Modelling of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Stationary Reference Frame 13132.4 Simulation Diagram 13432.5 Simulation Results 13532.5.1 Speed Loop with Step Disturbance isq* 13632.5.2 Step Response Signal 13632.5.3 Speed Reversal in Step Signal 13632.5.4 Ramp Response 13632.6 Conclusion 140References 14133 LabVIEW-Based Speed-Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drive 143R. Gunabalan and R. Sridhar33.1 Introduction 14333.2 Induction Motor Model 14533.3 Natural Observer 14733.4 Simulation Results 14933.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 15133.6 Conclusions 155References 15534 IoT-Based Automatic Entry Check in COVID-19 Pandemic 159Alla Parimala Chowdary, Tummala Vineel Chowdary, G. Suganya, S. Bharathiraja and R. Kumar34.1 Introduction 15934.1.1 Background 16034.2 Related Works 16034.3 Objectives 16234.4 Proposed Model 16234.5 Implementation 16434.5.1 Platforms Used 16434.5.1.1 TinkerCAD 16434.5.1.2 ThingSpeak 16534.5.1.3 Python 16534.5.2 Implementation 16534.5.2.1 Temperature Sensing Module 16534.5.2.2 Hand Sanitizing Module 16534.5.2.3 Social Distance Checking Module 16634.5.2.4 Mask Detection Module 16834.6 Results and Discussion 16934.7 Conclusion and Future Work 172References 17235 Smart Power Strip for Household Power Outlet Control and Energy Conservation Using IoT 175C. Komathi, Arun A., M. G. Umamaheswari, S. Durgadevi and K. Thirupura Sundari35.1 Introduction 17635.2 Methodology 17835.2.1 Functional Block Diagram with Hardware and Software Specifications 17835.2.2 Working of the Proposed Smart Power Strip 17935.2.3 Algorithm 18135.3 Results and Discussion 18235.4 Conclusion 185References 18636 Review of Solar Luminescence-Based OFID for Internet of Things Application 187Chanthini Baskar, Shoba S., Manikandan E. and Papanasam E.36.1 Introduction 18736.2 OWC for IoT 18936.2.1 Importance of Solar Cell 18936.3 Optical Frequency Identification (OFID) 19136.3.1 Modulation Techniques for OFID 19236.3.1.1 Photoluminescence 19236.3.1.2 Double Modulation 19336.3.1.3 DC-DC Boost Converter Modulator 19436.4 Prototype and Setup 19536.5 Conclusion 195References 19537 IoT-Based Substation Monitoring and Controlling 199Arunima Verma, Divyank Srivastava, Nisha Mishra, Navdha Sachdeva, Saurabh Kumar Jha and Shatrunjay Verma37.1 Introduction 20037.2 Block Diagram 20037.2.1 Power Supply 20037.2.2 Microcontroller 20237.2.3 Wi-Fi Module 20237.2.4 Voltage Sensor 20237.2.5 Temperature Sensor 20237.2.6 Current Sensor 20337.2.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 20337.2.8 Buzzer 20337.2.9 16*2 LCD Display 20437.2.10 Relay Module 20437.2.11 GSM Module 20437.2.12 Potential Transformer 20537.3 Connection and Working 20537.4 Result and Discussion 20637.4.1 Result of Voltage Sensor 20737.4.2 Result of Ultrasonic Sensor 21137.4.3 Result of Current Sensor 21437.4.4 Result of Temperature Sensor 21737.5 Result of GSM Module 22137.6 Conclusion 222References 22238 Agricultural Advancement Using IoT 225Maithili P., Mohit Kumar R., Nikil Venkatesh K. and Kavitha R.38.1 Introduction 22638.2 Proposed System 22638.3 Sensor System 22838.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 22838.3.2 Humidity Sensor 22838.3.3 PIR Sensor 22938.3.4 LCD 22938.3.5 Speaker 23038.3.6 Relay 23138.3.7 GSM 23138.3.8 Rain Sensor 23238.4 Methodology 23338.4.1 Flow Chart & Algorithm 23338.5 Hardware of the Proposed System 23438.6 Results and Discussion 23438.7 Conclusion 235References 23639 Smart Microgrid in Hospital Community to Enhance Public Health 239P. Renugadevi and R. Maheswari39.1 Introduction 24039.2 Hospital Struggling in Poor Backup Generation 24039.3 Microgrid – The Future of Smart Grid and Reduce Power Shedding in Hospitals 24139.3.1 Microgrid – Meaning 24239.3.2 Basic Components in Microgrid 24239.3.2.1 Storage Devices: Fast Response Devices 24239.3.2.2 Energy Management Systems (EMS) 24339.3.3 Distributed Energy Resources 24339.3.4 Microgrid Operation 24439.3.4.1 Grid Connected Mode 24439.3.4.2 Islanded Mode 24439.4 Necessity of Microgrid in Hospital Network 24439.5 Smart Grid-Digital Technology in Electric Grid 24439.5.1 Elements of Smart Grid 24539.5.1.1 Smart Power Meter 24539.5.1.2 Smart Generation 24539.5.1.3 Smart Consumption 24539.6 Big Data Analytics Reduces the Challenges in Microgrid 24639.7 Case Study: Hospitals Poor Backup System Failures Causing Deaths in Recent Years 24739.8 Conclusion 247References 24840 IoT-Based Smart Waste Management System 253A.R. Kalaiarasi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and D. Subbulekshmi40.1 Introduction 25340.2 Design of Smart Dustbins 25440.3 Hardware Components 25640.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 25640.3.2 Ardunio Uno 25640.3.3 Motor Driver L293D 25740.3.4 IR Sensor 25740.4 Working 25840.4.1 Module 1: Garbage Level Monitoring 25840.4.2 Module 2: Motion of Dustbin Towards the Container Line 25840.5 Results and Discussion 26040.6 Conclusion 261References 26141 Case Study: Smart City Prospects for Economic Growth and Policies for Land Use 263Divyansh Singh, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh41.1 Introduction 26441.1.1 Methods: Study Areas 26541.2 Data 26741.3 Analysis 26941.4 Results: Combined Model 27141.4.1 Regional Models 27141.4.2 Discussion: Regional-Level Policy 27541.4.3 Public Land and Zoning 27641.5 Conclusions 279References 28142 Case Study: International Policy Effectiveness and Conservation Way Towards Smart Cities 283Varun Gopalakrishnan, Dhakshain Balaji V., Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate42.1 Policy Effectiveness in Conservation 28442.2 Case Studies of Land Use Policy Effectiveness 28942.3 Scenarios 29442.3.1 Scenario 1: Greenish Growth (Increased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 29442.3.2 Scenario 2: Maximum Sprawl (Increased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 29542.3.3 Scenario 3: Smart De-Growth (Decreased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 29642.3.4 Scenario 4: Stagnation (Decreased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 29842.4 Scenario Interpretation 29942.5 The Policy Processes 30042.6 Conclusions 30342.7 Epilogue 304References 30643 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor with a Novel and Safe Testing Chamber Design 311Anjanashree M. R., Tarusri Raja and Reena Monica P.43.1 Introduction 31243.2 Novel Gas Chamber Design 31443.3 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor 31743.4 Conclusion 321Acknowledgment 321References 322About the Editors 323Index 327