Science Essentials, Middle School Level

Mark J. Handwerker, Ph.D. has taught science in the Los Angeles and Temecula Valley Unified School Districts. As a mentor and instructional support teacher, he has also trained scores of new teachers in the "art" of teaching science. Dr. Handwerker is the author/editor of articles in several scientific fields and the coauthor of an earth science textbook currently in use.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xiCredits xiiiPART I HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 1Strategies 3Introduction to the Five-Step Program 3Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP World History Exam 4Calendars for Preparing for Each of the Plans 6Graphics Used in This Book 10PART II AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AP WORLD HISTORY EXAMINATION 13Background Information 15Reasons for Taking the Advanced Placement Examination 16What You Need to Know About the AP World History Examination 16World History Diagnostic Test Section I 21Answers and Explanations 31Section II/Document-Based Question (DBQ) 39Change-over-Time Question 43Comparative Question 44Comments on Possible Solutions to the Free Response Questions 45PART III REVIEW OF WORLD HISTORY 49Unit 1 Foundations (8000 B.C.E.--600 C.E.) 51 (51) The World History Environment and Periodization 51Development of Agriculture and Technology 59Structure of Early Civilizations 64Rise of Classical Civilizations 71Origins of World Belief Systems 83Interactions in the Late Classical Period 91Unit 1 Summary: Foundations (8000 B.C.E.--600 C.E.) 98Timeline 98Key Comparisons 99Change/Continuity Chart 99Unit 2 Period Two (600--1450) 102The Rise and Spread of Islam 102The Expansion of China 113Changes in European Institutions 122Interregional Trade and Exchange 130Empires in the Americas 141Unit 2 Summary: Period Two (600--1450) 148Timeline 148Key Comparisons 148Change/Continuity Chart 149Unit 3 Period Three (1450--1750) 151Empires and Other Political Systems 151Hemispheric Exchange 164Systems of Slavery 170Cultural and Intellectual Changes 175Unit 3 Summary: Period Three (1450--1750) 181Timeline 181Key Comparisons 181Change/Continuity Chart 181Unit 4 Period Four (1750--1914) 183The Industrial Revolution and Social Changes 183Demographic and Environmental Developments 190World Trade 195Political Revolutions 201Western Imperialism 211Unit 4 Summary: Period Four (1750--1914) 219Timeline 219Key Comparisons 220Change/Continuity Chart 220Unit 5 Period Five (1914--Present) 222World Wars and Depression 222The Cold War and the Postwar Balance of Power 231End of the Cold War and Nationalist Movements 241Global Trade 245Technological Developments 250Social Changes 254Demographic and Environmental Developments 260Unit 5 Summary: Period Five (1914--Present) 266Timeline 266Key Comparisons 267Change/Continuity Chart 267PART IV TEST STRATEGIES 269The Multiple-Choice Question 271The Document-Based Question 273The Change-over-Time Question 276The Comparative Question 278PART V PRACTICE TESTS 281Practice Test One 285Answers and Explanations 296Practice Test Two 317Answers and Explanations 327APPENDIXES 347Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms 349Appendix 2: Bibliography 357Appendix 3: Web sites 359About the Author 361