DOROTHY J. BLUM, Ed.D., is a retired school counselor, high school guidance director, administrator of school counseling, and counselor educator. TAMARA E. DAVIS, Ed.D., is a professor in the School Counseling Program, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia. American School Counselor Association (ASCA) supports school counselors' efforts to help students focus on academic, career, and personal/social development. ASCA provides professional development, publications, and other resources.

• About This Resource viiAbout the Authors xiAcknowledgments xivSection 1 The K–12 School Counseling Program: The ASCA National Model 1Foundation 2List 1.1. Beliefs and Philosophy of the School Counseling Program 3List 1.2. Components of a School Counseling Program Mission Statement 4List 1.3. The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs 5Delivery System 6List 1.4. The Comprehensive School Counseling Program 6List 1.5. School Counseling and Guidance Curriculum 8List 1.6. Individual Student Planning 9List 1.7. Responsive Services 10List 1.8. System Support 11Management System 13List 1.9. Components of the Management System 13List 1.10. Management Agreements 14List 1.11. School Counseling Advisory Council 15List 1.12. Use of Data to Monitor Student Progress 17List 1.13. Action Plans 19List 1.14. Use of Time 20List 1.15. Calendars 22Accountability 23List 1.16. Components of Accountability 23List 1.17. Results Reports 24List 1.18. School Counselor Performance Standards 26List 1.19. The School Counseling Program Audit 27ASCA National Model Themes 28List 1.20. Advocacy 28List 1.21. Leadership 30List 1.22. Collaboration 31List 1.23. Systemic Change 32Section 2 The Professional School Counselor: Preparation, Roles, and Responsibilities 33Professional School Counselor Preparation 34List 2.1. School Counselor Preparation, Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure 34The Role of the Professional School Counselor 37List 2.2. Traditional and Transformed Roles of School Counselors 37List 2.3. American School Counselor Association Role Statement 38List 2.4. Professional School Counselor Versus Guidance Counselor 40The Competent School Counselor 41List 2.5. School Counselor Competencies 41List 2.6. General Multicultural Competencies 43Ethical and Legal Practitioner 44List 2.7. Ethical Standards for School Counseling Programs 44List 2.8. Confidentiality 46List 2.9. Ethical Decision Making 48List 2.10. Legal Standards and Practices 49Practitioner of a Theoretical Orientation in School Counseling 51List 2.11. Counseling Theories 51List 2.12. General Strategies for Counseling Students 53List 2.13. Adlerian Counseling 54List 2.14. Existential Counseling 55List 2.15. Humanistic Counseling 56List 2.16. Gestalt Counseling 57List 2.17. Behavioral Counseling 58List 2.18. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 59List 2.19. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling 60List 2.20. Reality Therapy (Choice Theory) 61List 2.21. Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 62List 2.22. Integrative Counseling 63Supervisor 64List 2.23. Supervisor of Other School Counselors, Interns, and Practicum Students 64Change Agent 66List 2.24. Change Agent of the School Environment 66The Effective School Counselor 67List 2.25. Skills and Characteristics of Effective School Counselors 67List 2.26. Effective School Counseling: Focus on Data 69Person and Professional: School Counselor Self-Care Strategies 70List 2.27. Professional Burnout and Distress in Schools 70List 2.28. Self-Care for the Caregiver 73List 2.29. Professional Identity 74Section 3 School Counseling Practices and Programs 75Individual Counseling 76List 3.1. Individual Counseling in Schools 76List 3.2. Individual Counseling Process, Skills, and Techniques 78List 3.3. Problem-Solving Model 80List 3.4. Use of Play in Counseling 81List 3.5. Effective Individual Counseling in Schools 82Small-Group Counseling 83List 3.6. Small-Group Counseling in Schools 83List 3.7. Benefits of Small-Group Counseling 85List 3.8. Possible Group Counseling Topics 86List 3.9. Pregroup Planning 87List 3.10. Small-Group Counseling Sessions 89List 3.11. Group Counseling Leadership 90List 3.12. Effective Small-Group Counseling 92Classroom Guidance 94List 3.13. Classroom Guidance Overview 94List 3.14. Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Guidance Lesson Topics 96List 3.15. Classroom Management Strategies 97List 3.16. Class Meetings 99Parent and Guardian Consultation 100List 3.17. Consultation with Individual Parent or Guardian 100List 3.18. Consultation with Groups of Parents and Guardians 102List 3.19. Involvement of Hard-to-Reach Parents and Guardians 103Teacher Consultation 104List 3.20. Staff Development and Teacher In-services 104List 3.21. Small Staff Meetings and Team Meetings 105List 3.22. Teacher-Initiated Individual Consultation 107List 3.23. Teacher Consultation: Classroom Management and Discipline Skills 109List 3.24. Student Learning Styles 111List 3.25. Conferences with Parents, Guardians, Teachers, Students, and Counselor 114Schoolwide Programming and Participation 117List 3.26. Creating a Positive Environment Throughout the School 117List 3.27. Counseling Services: A Total School Responsibility Coordinated by the School Counselor 118List 3.28. Differentiated or Diversified Staffing of the School Counseling Program 119List 3.29. Materials for the School Counseling Program 120List 3.30. Violence Prevention Programs 123List 3.31. Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs 127List 3.32. Peer Helper Programs 130List 3.33. Character Education Program 133List 3.34. Tutoring and Mentoring Programs at School and in the Community 136List 3.35. Coordination of School Counseling Program Volunteers 139List 3.36. Child Study Team or Local Screening Committee 140List 3.37. Crisis or Critical Incident Response Team 142Section 4 Academic Counseling in K–12 Schools 145Academic Goals 146List 4.1. Academic Goals for All Students 146List 4.2. Response to Intervention 148List 4.3. Standardized and/or High-Stakes Testing 149Academic Development of All Students 152List 4.4. Goal-Setting Skills 152List 4.5. Study Skills 153List 4.6. Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills 154List 4.7. Time Management Skills 156List 4.8. Stress Management 157List 4.9. Course Selection for Future Opportunities 158List 4.10. Postsecondary Educational Search 160List 4.11. College Applications 162List 4.12. College Application Essays 164List 4.13. College Recommendations 165List 4.14. College Selection 166List 4.15. Financial Aid 167List 4.16. Readiness for College 168Academic Counseling K–12 169List 4.17. Counseling Students with Academic Problems 169List 4.18. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Academic Problems 170List 4.19. Counseling Students with Learning or Physical Problems 171List 4.20. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Learning or Physical Problems 174List 4.21. Counseling Students with Special Needs 175List 4.22. Counseling English Speakers of Other Languages and English Language Learners 176List 4.23. Counseling Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 177List 4.24. Counseling Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 180List 4.25. Counseling Students with Tourette’s Syndrome 181List 4.26. Counseling Students at Risk for Dropping Out of School 182List 4.27. Counseling Students Who Fear Failure 185List 4.28. Counseling Students Who Fear or Avoid Success 186List 4.29. Counseling Students Who Desire Perfection 187List 4.30. Counseling Students Who Are Gifted 188List 4.31. Counseling Students Who Procrastinate 190List 4.32. Helping Students Learn from Failure 191List 4.33. Helping Students Overcome Barriers to Success 192Section 5 Career Counseling in K–12 Schools 193Career Development Theories and Assessment 194List 5.1. Career Development Theories 194List 5.2. Career Assessment 197National Career Competencies and Skills for Students 199List 5.3. National Career Competencies and Skills 199List 5.4. Career Goals for All Students 201Career Counseling for All Students 202List 5.5. Planning a Career Development Program 202List 5.6. Career Development for Elementary School Students 204List 5.7. Career Development for Middle School Students 205List 5.8. Career Development for High School Students 207List 5.9. Implementation of a K–12 Career Development Program 209List 5.10. Career and College Center 210List 5.11. Postsecondary Planning (Grades 7–12) 211List 5.12. Academic or Career Portfolio 212List 5.13. Career Values 213List 5.14. Career Decision-Making Skills 214List 5.15. Job Interviewing Skills 215List 5.16. Marketable Skills 216List 5.17. Career Stereotypes, Biases, and Discrimination 217List 5.18. Structured Work Experience 219List 5.19. Career Information Interview 220List 5.20. Career Exploration and Life Planning 221List 5.21. Career Counseling 222List 5.22. Career Counseling with Minority and Marginalized Students 223List 5.23. Career Counseling for Students with Special Needs 225Section 6 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Student Development and Life Skills 227Personal/Social Development 228List 6.1. Personal/Social Goals for All Students 228List 6.2. Needs of All Students 229List 6.3. Issues Related to Child and Adolescent Development 230List 6.4. Fears or Stressors of Students  231List 6.5. Ethnic Diversity of Students 233List 6.6. Cultural Diversity 234List 6.7. Culturally Responsive School Counselors 236List 6.8. Students with Special Needs 237List 6.9. Students at Risk 240List 6.10. Family Relationships 242Personal/Social Counseling: Life Skills for All Students 244List 6.11. Life Skills 244List 6.12. Programs to Teach Life Skills 245List 6.13. Communication Skills 246List 6.14. Student Behaviors That Influence Communication 247List 6.15. Nonverbal Communication 248List 6.16. Recognizing Verbal Invitations That Foster Communication 249List 6.17. Recognizing Verbal Put-Downs 250List 6.18. I Messages 251List 6.19. Reframing Descriptions of People 252List 6.20. Active Listening Skills 254List 6.21. Helping Students Understand Their Own and Others’ Feelings 255List 6.22. Feeling Vocabulary 257List 6.23. Assertiveness Skills 260List 6.24. Peer Pressure Refusal Skills 263List 6.25. Teaching Students to Respect Others 264List 6.26. Developing Student Self-Confidence 265List 6.27. Anger Management Skills 267List 6.28. Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution Skills 270List 6.29. Coping and Resilience Skills 272List 6.30. Relationship Skills 274List 6.31. Social Skills 275List 6.32. Stress Management Skills 276Section 7 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Prevention and Effective Intervention 279List 7.1. Programs to Promote Student Safety 280List 7.2. Information for Students About Their Right toSafety 282List 7.3. Child Abuse 284List 7.4. Physical Neglect 289List 7.5. Child Abuse and Child Neglect: School Counselor Interventions 290List 7.6. Acquaintance Rape and Date Rape 293 List 7.7. Student Bullying and Harassment 295List 7.8. Administrator and Teacher Actions to Prevent and Stop Student Bullying and Harassment 297List 7.9. School Counselor Actions to Prevent and Stop Bullying and Harassment 298List 7.10. Sexual Harassment 301List 7.11. Cyberbullying 303List 7.12. Gender Equity 305List 7.13. Eating Disorders 307List 7.14. Gangs 309List 7.15. Substance Abuse 312List 7.16. HIV/AIDS 316List 7.17. Childhood and Adolescent Depression 318List 7.18. Dealing with Grief and Loss 320List 7.19. Death of a Loved One  322List 7.20. Death of a Classmate 324List 7.21. Tragedy or National Disaster 325 List 7.22. Student Suicide 327List 7.23. Sexual Minority Youth 332List 7.24. Self-Injury and Self-Mutilation 334List 7.25. Truancy 337List 7.26. School Phobia and School Refusal 338List 7.27. Teen Pregnancy 340List 7.28. Students Who Are Homeless 341List 7.29. High-Risk Student Behavior 343List 7.30.Parental Separation and Divorce 345List 7.31. Children of Alcoholics 347List 7.32. Students Whose Parent or Guardian Has Been Deployed 349List 7.33. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of All Students 351Index 353

DOROTHY J. BLUM, Ed.D., is a retired school counselor, high school guidance director, administrator of school counseling, and counselor educator. TAMARA E. DAVIS, Ed.D., is a professor in the School Counseling Program, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia. American School Counselor Association (ASCA) supports school counselors' efforts to help students focus on academic, career, and personal/social development. ASCA provides professional development, publications, and other resources.

• About This Resource viiAbout the Authors xiAcknowledgments xivSection 1 The K–12 School Counseling Program: The ASCA National Model 1Foundation 2List 1.1. Beliefs and Philosophy of the School Counseling Program 3List 1.2. Components of a School Counseling Program Mission Statement 4List 1.3. The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs 5Delivery System 6List 1.4. The Comprehensive School Counseling Program 6List 1.5. School Counseling and Guidance Curriculum 8List 1.6. Individual Student Planning 9List 1.7. Responsive Services 10List 1.8. System Support 11Management System 13List 1.9. Components of the Management System 13List 1.10. Management Agreements 14List 1.11. School Counseling Advisory Council 15List 1.12. Use of Data to Monitor Student Progress 17List 1.13. Action Plans 19List 1.14. Use of Time 20List 1.15. Calendars 22Accountability 23List 1.16. Components of Accountability 23List 1.17. Results Reports 24List 1.18. School Counselor Performance Standards 26List 1.19. The School Counseling Program Audit 27ASCA National Model Themes 28List 1.20. Advocacy 28List 1.21. Leadership 30List 1.22. Collaboration 31List 1.23. Systemic Change 32Section 2 The Professional School Counselor: Preparation, Roles, and Responsibilities 33Professional School Counselor Preparation 34List 2.1. School Counselor Preparation, Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure 34The Role of the Professional School Counselor 37List 2.2. Traditional and Transformed Roles of School Counselors 37List 2.3. American School Counselor Association Role Statement 38List 2.4. Professional School Counselor Versus Guidance Counselor 40The Competent School Counselor 41List 2.5. School Counselor Competencies 41List 2.6. General Multicultural Competencies 43Ethical and Legal Practitioner 44List 2.7. Ethical Standards for School Counseling Programs 44List 2.8. Confidentiality 46List 2.9. Ethical Decision Making 48List 2.10. Legal Standards and Practices 49Practitioner of a Theoretical Orientation in School Counseling 51List 2.11. Counseling Theories 51List 2.12. General Strategies for Counseling Students 53List 2.13. Adlerian Counseling 54List 2.14. Existential Counseling 55List 2.15. Humanistic Counseling 56List 2.16. Gestalt Counseling 57List 2.17. Behavioral Counseling 58List 2.18. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 59List 2.19. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling 60List 2.20. Reality Therapy (Choice Theory) 61List 2.21. Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 62List 2.22. Integrative Counseling 63Supervisor 64List 2.23. Supervisor of Other School Counselors, Interns, and Practicum Students 64Change Agent 66List 2.24. Change Agent of the School Environment 66The Effective School Counselor 67List 2.25. Skills and Characteristics of Effective School Counselors 67List 2.26. Effective School Counseling: Focus on Data 69Person and Professional: School Counselor Self-Care Strategies 70List 2.27. Professional Burnout and Distress in Schools 70List 2.28. Self-Care for the Caregiver 73List 2.29. Professional Identity 74Section 3 School Counseling Practices and Programs 75Individual Counseling 76List 3.1. Individual Counseling in Schools 76List 3.2. Individual Counseling Process, Skills, and Techniques 78List 3.3. Problem-Solving Model 80List 3.4. Use of Play in Counseling 81List 3.5. Effective Individual Counseling in Schools 82Small-Group Counseling 83List 3.6. Small-Group Counseling in Schools 83List 3.7. Benefits of Small-Group Counseling 85List 3.8. Possible Group Counseling Topics 86List 3.9. Pregroup Planning 87List 3.10. Small-Group Counseling Sessions 89List 3.11. Group Counseling Leadership 90List 3.12. Effective Small-Group Counseling 92Classroom Guidance 94List 3.13. Classroom Guidance Overview 94List 3.14. Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Guidance Lesson Topics 96List 3.15. Classroom Management Strategies 97List 3.16. Class Meetings 99Parent and Guardian Consultation 100List 3.17. Consultation with Individual Parent or Guardian 100List 3.18. Consultation with Groups of Parents and Guardians 102List 3.19. Involvement of Hard-to-Reach Parents and Guardians 103Teacher Consultation 104List 3.20. Staff Development and Teacher In-services 104List 3.21. Small Staff Meetings and Team Meetings 105List 3.22. Teacher-Initiated Individual Consultation 107List 3.23. Teacher Consultation: Classroom Management and Discipline Skills 109List 3.24. Student Learning Styles 111List 3.25. Conferences with Parents, Guardians, Teachers, Students, and Counselor 114Schoolwide Programming and Participation 117List 3.26. Creating a Positive Environment Throughout the School 117List 3.27. Counseling Services: A Total School Responsibility Coordinated by the School Counselor 118List 3.28. Differentiated or Diversified Staffing of the School Counseling Program 119List 3.29. Materials for the School Counseling Program 120List 3.30. Violence Prevention Programs 123List 3.31. Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs 127List 3.32. Peer Helper Programs 130List 3.33. Character Education Program 133List 3.34. Tutoring and Mentoring Programs at School and in the Community 136List 3.35. Coordination of School Counseling Program Volunteers 139List 3.36. Child Study Team or Local Screening Committee 140List 3.37. Crisis or Critical Incident Response Team 142Section 4 Academic Counseling in K–12 Schools 145Academic Goals 146List 4.1. Academic Goals for All Students 146List 4.2. Response to Intervention 148List 4.3. Standardized and/or High-Stakes Testing 149Academic Development of All Students 152List 4.4. Goal-Setting Skills 152List 4.5. Study Skills 153List 4.6. Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills 154List 4.7. Time Management Skills 156List 4.8. Stress Management 157List 4.9. Course Selection for Future Opportunities 158List 4.10. Postsecondary Educational Search 160List 4.11. College Applications 162List 4.12. College Application Essays 164List 4.13. College Recommendations 165List 4.14. College Selection 166List 4.15. Financial Aid 167List 4.16. Readiness for College 168Academic Counseling K–12 169List 4.17. Counseling Students with Academic Problems 169List 4.18. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Academic Problems 170List 4.19. Counseling Students with Learning or Physical Problems 171List 4.20. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Learning or Physical Problems 174List 4.21. Counseling Students with Special Needs 175List 4.22. Counseling English Speakers of Other Languages and English Language Learners 176List 4.23. Counseling Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 177List 4.24. Counseling Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 180List 4.25. Counseling Students with Tourette’s Syndrome 181List 4.26. Counseling Students at Risk for Dropping Out of School 182List 4.27. Counseling Students Who Fear Failure 185List 4.28. Counseling Students Who Fear or Avoid Success 186List 4.29. Counseling Students Who Desire Perfection 187List 4.30. Counseling Students Who Are Gifted 188List 4.31. Counseling Students Who Procrastinate 190List 4.32. Helping Students Learn from Failure 191List 4.33. Helping Students Overcome Barriers to Success 192Section 5 Career Counseling in K–12 Schools 193Career Development Theories and Assessment 194List 5.1. Career Development Theories 194List 5.2. Career Assessment 197National Career Competencies and Skills for Students 199List 5.3. National Career Competencies and Skills 199List 5.4. Career Goals for All Students 201Career Counseling for All Students 202List 5.5. Planning a Career Development Program 202List 5.6. Career Development for Elementary School Students 204List 5.7. Career Development for Middle School Students 205List 5.8. Career Development for High School Students 207List 5.9. Implementation of a K–12 Career Development Program 209List 5.10. Career and College Center 210List 5.11. Postsecondary Planning (Grades 7–12) 211List 5.12. Academic or Career Portfolio 212List 5.13. Career Values 213List 5.14. Career Decision-Making Skills 214List 5.15. Job Interviewing Skills 215List 5.16. Marketable Skills 216List 5.17. Career Stereotypes, Biases, and Discrimination 217List 5.18. Structured Work Experience 219List 5.19. Career Information Interview 220List 5.20. Career Exploration and Life Planning 221List 5.21. Career Counseling 222List 5.22. Career Counseling with Minority and Marginalized Students 223List 5.23. Career Counseling for Students with Special Needs 225Section 6 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Student Development and Life Skills 227Personal/Social Development 228List 6.1. Personal/Social Goals for All Students 228List 6.2. Needs of All Students 229List 6.3. Issues Related to Child and Adolescent Development 230List 6.4. Fears or Stressors of Students  231List 6.5. Ethnic Diversity of Students 233List 6.6. Cultural Diversity 234List 6.7. Culturally Responsive School Counselors 236List 6.8. Students with Special Needs 237List 6.9. Students at Risk 240List 6.10. Family Relationships 242Personal/Social Counseling: Life Skills for All Students 244List 6.11. Life Skills 244List 6.12. Programs to Teach Life Skills 245List 6.13. Communication Skills 246List 6.14. Student Behaviors That Influence Communication 247List 6.15. Nonverbal Communication 248List 6.16. Recognizing Verbal Invitations That Foster Communication 249List 6.17. Recognizing Verbal Put-Downs 250List 6.18. I Messages 251List 6.19. Reframing Descriptions of People 252List 6.20. Active Listening Skills 254List 6.21. Helping Students Understand Their Own and Others’ Feelings 255List 6.22. Feeling Vocabulary 257List 6.23. Assertiveness Skills 260List 6.24. Peer Pressure Refusal Skills 263List 6.25. Teaching Students to Respect Others 264List 6.26. Developing Student Self-Confidence 265List 6.27. Anger Management Skills 267List 6.28. Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution Skills 270List 6.29. Coping and Resilience Skills 272List 6.30. Relationship Skills 274List 6.31. Social Skills 275List 6.32. Stress Management Skills 276Section 7 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Prevention and Effective Intervention 279List 7.1. Programs to Promote Student Safety 280List 7.2. Information for Students About Their Right toSafety 282List 7.3. Child Abuse 284List 7.4. Physical Neglect 289List 7.5. Child Abuse and Child Neglect: School Counselor Interventions 290List 7.6. Acquaintance Rape and Date Rape 293 List 7.7. Student Bullying and Harassment 295List 7.8. Administrator and Teacher Actions to Prevent and Stop Student Bullying and Harassment 297List 7.9. School Counselor Actions to Prevent and Stop Bullying and Harassment 298List 7.10. Sexual Harassment 301List 7.11. Cyberbullying 303List 7.12. Gender Equity 305List 7.13. Eating Disorders 307List 7.14. Gangs 309List 7.15. Substance Abuse 312List 7.16. HIV/AIDS 316List 7.17. Childhood and Adolescent Depression 318List 7.18. Dealing with Grief and Loss 320List 7.19. Death of a Loved One  322List 7.20. Death of a Classmate 324List 7.21. Tragedy or National Disaster 325 List 7.22. Student Suicide 327List 7.23. Sexual Minority Youth 332List 7.24. Self-Injury and Self-Mutilation 334List 7.25. Truancy 337List 7.26. School Phobia and School Refusal 338List 7.27. Teen Pregnancy 340List 7.28. Students Who Are Homeless 341List 7.29. High-Risk Student Behavior 343List 7.30.Parental Separation and Divorce 345List 7.31. Children of Alcoholics 347List 7.32. Students Whose Parent or Guardian Has Been Deployed 349List 7.33. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of All Students 351Index 353

DOROTHY J. BLUM, Ed.D., is a retired school counselor, high school guidance director, administrator of school counseling, and counselor educator. TAMARA E. DAVIS, Ed.D., is a professor in the School Counseling Program, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia. American School Counselor Association (ASCA) supports school counselors' efforts to help students focus on academic, career, and personal/social development. ASCA provides professional development, publications, and other resources.

• About This Resource viiAbout the Authors xiAcknowledgments xivSection 1 The K–12 School Counseling Program: The ASCA National Model 1Foundation 2List 1.1. Beliefs and Philosophy of the School Counseling Program 3List 1.2. Components of a School Counseling Program Mission Statement 4List 1.3. The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs 5Delivery System 6List 1.4. The Comprehensive School Counseling Program 6List 1.5. School Counseling and Guidance Curriculum 8List 1.6. Individual Student Planning 9List 1.7. Responsive Services 10List 1.8. System Support 11Management System 13List 1.9. Components of the Management System 13List 1.10. Management Agreements 14List 1.11. School Counseling Advisory Council 15List 1.12. Use of Data to Monitor Student Progress 17List 1.13. Action Plans 19List 1.14. Use of Time 20List 1.15. Calendars 22Accountability 23List 1.16. Components of Accountability 23List 1.17. Results Reports 24List 1.18. School Counselor Performance Standards 26List 1.19. The School Counseling Program Audit 27ASCA National Model Themes 28List 1.20. Advocacy 28List 1.21. Leadership 30List 1.22. Collaboration 31List 1.23. Systemic Change 32Section 2 The Professional School Counselor: Preparation, Roles, and Responsibilities 33Professional School Counselor Preparation 34List 2.1. School Counselor Preparation, Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure 34The Role of the Professional School Counselor 37List 2.2. Traditional and Transformed Roles of School Counselors 37List 2.3. American School Counselor Association Role Statement 38List 2.4. Professional School Counselor Versus Guidance Counselor 40The Competent School Counselor 41List 2.5. School Counselor Competencies 41List 2.6. General Multicultural Competencies 43Ethical and Legal Practitioner 44List 2.7. Ethical Standards for School Counseling Programs 44List 2.8. Confidentiality 46List 2.9. Ethical Decision Making 48List 2.10. Legal Standards and Practices 49Practitioner of a Theoretical Orientation in School Counseling 51List 2.11. Counseling Theories 51List 2.12. General Strategies for Counseling Students 53List 2.13. Adlerian Counseling 54List 2.14. Existential Counseling 55List 2.15. Humanistic Counseling 56List 2.16. Gestalt Counseling 57List 2.17. Behavioral Counseling 58List 2.18. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 59List 2.19. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling 60List 2.20. Reality Therapy (Choice Theory) 61List 2.21. Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 62List 2.22. Integrative Counseling 63Supervisor 64List 2.23. Supervisor of Other School Counselors, Interns, and Practicum Students 64Change Agent 66List 2.24. Change Agent of the School Environment 66The Effective School Counselor 67List 2.25. Skills and Characteristics of Effective School Counselors 67List 2.26. Effective School Counseling: Focus on Data 69Person and Professional: School Counselor Self-Care Strategies 70List 2.27. Professional Burnout and Distress in Schools 70List 2.28. Self-Care for the Caregiver 73List 2.29. Professional Identity 74Section 3 School Counseling Practices and Programs 75Individual Counseling 76List 3.1. Individual Counseling in Schools 76List 3.2. Individual Counseling Process, Skills, and Techniques 78List 3.3. Problem-Solving Model 80List 3.4. Use of Play in Counseling 81List 3.5. Effective Individual Counseling in Schools 82Small-Group Counseling 83List 3.6. Small-Group Counseling in Schools 83List 3.7. Benefits of Small-Group Counseling 85List 3.8. Possible Group Counseling Topics 86List 3.9. Pregroup Planning 87List 3.10. Small-Group Counseling Sessions 89List 3.11. Group Counseling Leadership 90List 3.12. Effective Small-Group Counseling 92Classroom Guidance 94List 3.13. Classroom Guidance Overview 94List 3.14. Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Guidance Lesson Topics 96List 3.15. Classroom Management Strategies 97List 3.16. Class Meetings 99Parent and Guardian Consultation 100List 3.17. Consultation with Individual Parent or Guardian 100List 3.18. Consultation with Groups of Parents and Guardians 102List 3.19. Involvement of Hard-to-Reach Parents and Guardians 103Teacher Consultation 104List 3.20. Staff Development and Teacher In-services 104List 3.21. Small Staff Meetings and Team Meetings 105List 3.22. Teacher-Initiated Individual Consultation 107List 3.23. Teacher Consultation: Classroom Management and Discipline Skills 109List 3.24. Student Learning Styles 111List 3.25. Conferences with Parents, Guardians, Teachers, Students, and Counselor 114Schoolwide Programming and Participation 117List 3.26. Creating a Positive Environment Throughout the School 117List 3.27. Counseling Services: A Total School Responsibility Coordinated by the School Counselor 118List 3.28. Differentiated or Diversified Staffing of the School Counseling Program 119List 3.29. Materials for the School Counseling Program 120List 3.30. Violence Prevention Programs 123List 3.31. Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs 127List 3.32. Peer Helper Programs 130List 3.33. Character Education Program 133List 3.34. Tutoring and Mentoring Programs at School and in the Community 136List 3.35. Coordination of School Counseling Program Volunteers 139List 3.36. Child Study Team or Local Screening Committee 140List 3.37. Crisis or Critical Incident Response Team 142Section 4 Academic Counseling in K–12 Schools 145Academic Goals 146List 4.1. Academic Goals for All Students 146List 4.2. Response to Intervention 148List 4.3. Standardized and/or High-Stakes Testing 149Academic Development of All Students 152List 4.4. Goal-Setting Skills 152List 4.5. Study Skills 153List 4.6. Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills 154List 4.7. Time Management Skills 156List 4.8. Stress Management 157List 4.9. Course Selection for Future Opportunities 158List 4.10. Postsecondary Educational Search 160List 4.11. College Applications 162List 4.12. College Application Essays 164List 4.13. College Recommendations 165List 4.14. College Selection 166List 4.15. Financial Aid 167List 4.16. Readiness for College 168Academic Counseling K–12 169List 4.17. Counseling Students with Academic Problems 169List 4.18. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Academic Problems 170List 4.19. Counseling Students with Learning or Physical Problems 171List 4.20. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Learning or Physical Problems 174List 4.21. Counseling Students with Special Needs 175List 4.22. Counseling English Speakers of Other Languages and English Language Learners 176List 4.23. Counseling Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 177List 4.24. Counseling Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 180List 4.25. Counseling Students with Tourette’s Syndrome 181List 4.26. Counseling Students at Risk for Dropping Out of School 182List 4.27. Counseling Students Who Fear Failure 185List 4.28. Counseling Students Who Fear or Avoid Success 186List 4.29. Counseling Students Who Desire Perfection 187List 4.30. Counseling Students Who Are Gifted 188List 4.31. Counseling Students Who Procrastinate 190List 4.32. Helping Students Learn from Failure 191List 4.33. Helping Students Overcome Barriers to Success 192Section 5 Career Counseling in K–12 Schools 193Career Development Theories and Assessment 194List 5.1. Career Development Theories 194List 5.2. Career Assessment 197National Career Competencies and Skills for Students 199List 5.3. National Career Competencies and Skills 199List 5.4. Career Goals for All Students 201Career Counseling for All Students 202List 5.5. Planning a Career Development Program 202List 5.6. Career Development for Elementary School Students 204List 5.7. Career Development for Middle School Students 205List 5.8. Career Development for High School Students 207List 5.9. Implementation of a K–12 Career Development Program 209List 5.10. Career and College Center 210List 5.11. Postsecondary Planning (Grades 7–12) 211List 5.12. Academic or Career Portfolio 212List 5.13. Career Values 213List 5.14. Career Decision-Making Skills 214List 5.15. Job Interviewing Skills 215List 5.16. Marketable Skills 216List 5.17. Career Stereotypes, Biases, and Discrimination 217List 5.18. Structured Work Experience 219List 5.19. Career Information Interview 220List 5.20. Career Exploration and Life Planning 221List 5.21. Career Counseling 222List 5.22. Career Counseling with Minority and Marginalized Students 223List 5.23. Career Counseling for Students with Special Needs 225Section 6 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Student Development and Life Skills 227Personal/Social Development 228List 6.1. Personal/Social Goals for All Students 228List 6.2. Needs of All Students 229List 6.3. Issues Related to Child and Adolescent Development 230List 6.4. Fears or Stressors of Students  231List 6.5. Ethnic Diversity of Students 233List 6.6. Cultural Diversity 234List 6.7. Culturally Responsive School Counselors 236List 6.8. Students with Special Needs 237List 6.9. Students at Risk 240List 6.10. Family Relationships 242Personal/Social Counseling: Life Skills for All Students 244List 6.11. Life Skills 244List 6.12. Programs to Teach Life Skills 245List 6.13. Communication Skills 246List 6.14. Student Behaviors That Influence Communication 247List 6.15. Nonverbal Communication 248List 6.16. Recognizing Verbal Invitations That Foster Communication 249List 6.17. Recognizing Verbal Put-Downs 250List 6.18. I Messages 251List 6.19. Reframing Descriptions of People 252List 6.20. Active Listening Skills 254List 6.21. Helping Students Understand Their Own and Others’ Feelings 255List 6.22. Feeling Vocabulary 257List 6.23. Assertiveness Skills 260List 6.24. Peer Pressure Refusal Skills 263List 6.25. Teaching Students to Respect Others 264List 6.26. Developing Student Self-Confidence 265List 6.27. Anger Management Skills 267List 6.28. Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution Skills 270List 6.29. Coping and Resilience Skills 272List 6.30. Relationship Skills 274List 6.31. Social Skills 275List 6.32. Stress Management Skills 276Section 7 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Prevention and Effective Intervention 279List 7.1. Programs to Promote Student Safety 280List 7.2. Information for Students About Their Right toSafety 282List 7.3. Child Abuse 284List 7.4. Physical Neglect 289List 7.5. Child Abuse and Child Neglect: School Counselor Interventions 290List 7.6. Acquaintance Rape and Date Rape 293 List 7.7. Student Bullying and Harassment 295List 7.8. Administrator and Teacher Actions to Prevent and Stop Student Bullying and Harassment 297List 7.9. School Counselor Actions to Prevent and Stop Bullying and Harassment 298List 7.10. Sexual Harassment 301List 7.11. Cyberbullying 303List 7.12. Gender Equity 305List 7.13. Eating Disorders 307List 7.14. Gangs 309List 7.15. Substance Abuse 312List 7.16. HIV/AIDS 316List 7.17. Childhood and Adolescent Depression 318List 7.18. Dealing with Grief and Loss 320List 7.19. Death of a Loved One  322List 7.20. Death of a Classmate 324List 7.21. Tragedy or National Disaster 325 List 7.22. Student Suicide 327List 7.23. Sexual Minority Youth 332List 7.24. Self-Injury and Self-Mutilation 334List 7.25. Truancy 337List 7.26. School Phobia and School Refusal 338List 7.27. Teen Pregnancy 340List 7.28. Students Who Are Homeless 341List 7.29. High-Risk Student Behavior 343List 7.30.Parental Separation and Divorce 345List 7.31. Children of Alcoholics 347List 7.32. Students Whose Parent or Guardian Has Been Deployed 349List 7.33. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of All Students 351Index 353