Russian Grammar Workbook

Terence Wade (1930–2005) was Professor Emeritus and Research Fellow in Russian Studies at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. He wrote 12 books, including Prepositions in Modern Russian (1985), Russian Etymological Dictionary (1996), The Russian Language Today (with Larissa Ryazanova-Clarke, 1999), and A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, third edition (revised by David Gillespie, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). David Gillespie is Professor of Russian at the University of Bath, UK, where he has taught Russian language and culture since 1985. He is the author of 8 books and more than 50 papers on modern Russian literature and film.

• Preface to the First Edition xvPreface to the Second Edition xviThe Noun 1Gender1 First and second declensions [30–2, 34] 12 Soft-sign nouns [33] 23 Common gender [35] 24 Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] 25 Differentiation of gender through suffixes. Professions [43–4] 36 Animals [45] 4Declension7 Animacy [47] 48 Nouns which have a plural form only [49] 59 First declension: masculine nouns [50–2] 510 Partitive genitive in -у/-ю [53] 611 Prepositional/locative singular in -ý/-  [54] 712 Special masculine plural forms [55] 713 First declension: neuter nouns in -o [58] 814 First declension: nouns in -e, -ье, -ё, -ьё [59] 915 Second declension: nouns in -а/-я [61] 916 Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] 1117 Declension of neuter nouns in -мя [64] 1218 Declension of nouns in -ия/-ие [65] 1219 Дéти and л ди [68] 1220 Declension of first names/surnames [69–70] 1321 Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] 1322 Agreement of ряд, большинствó etc. [75] 14Case Usage23 The nominative [77] 1424 The accusative [79] 1525 The genitive [80–2] 1526 The partitive genitive [83–4] 1627 Genitive and negative [86] 1728 Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] 1729 Verbs that take the genitive [88] 1830 The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] 2131 Verbs that take the dative [90] 2132 Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] 2233 The instrumental of function [94] 2334 The instrumental in passive constructions [96] 2335 Verbs that take the instrumental [99] 2436 The instrumental of dimension [101] 2437 The instrumental as predicate [102] 2538 Nouns in apposition [103] 26Revision exercises: case usage 26The Pronoun 3139 Personal pronouns [110] 3140 The pronoun я [113] 3241 The pronouns ты and вы [115] 3242 The third-person pronouns (он, онá, онó, он ) [116] 3343 The Reflexive pronoun себ  [117] 3344 The possessive pronouns мой, твой, наш, ваш [118] 3445 The possessive pronouns егó, её, их [119] 3446 The Reflexive possessive pronoun свой, сво , своё,сво  [120] 3547 Кто, что, какóй, котóрый, чей as interrogative pronouns [121–2] 3548 Котóрый, чей, кто and что as relative pronouns [123] 3649 The demonstrative pronouns тот and тот [125–6] 3850 Сам and сáмый [131] 3851 Весь, цéлый, всBкий, кáждый, любóй [132] 3952 Никтó [134] 3953 Ничтó [135] 4054 Никакóй and ничéй [136] 4155 The ‘potential’ negative pronouns нéкого, нéчего [137] 4156 Indefinite pronouns with the particles -то, -нибудь [138] 4257 Нéкоторый [141] 4458 Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] 44The Adjective 45The Long Form of the Adjective59 ‘Mixed’ declension [146] 4560 Soft-ending adjectives [147] 4561 Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffixes -н-, -ск-and -oв-/-eв- [148] 4662 Attributive use of the long adjective [155] 4663 Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] 48Revision exercises: declension of adjectives 48The Short Form of the Adjective64 Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] 5065 The mobile vowels -е-, -o- and -ё- in the masculine short form [161] 5066 Some special short forms [162] 5067 Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] 5168 Adjectives of dimension [169] 5169 Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] 5270 Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] 53Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives 53The Comparative Degree of the Adjective71 The attributive comparative with бóлее [177] 5572 One-word attributive comparatives [178] 5673 Predicative comparative forms in -ее [179] 5674 Comparative short forms in -e in predicative meaning [180–1] 5775 Constructions with the comparative [182] 5876 Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] 59The Superlative Degree of the Adjective77 The superlative degree with сáмый [185] 6078 Вb́Iсший and низший [186] 60The Numeral 61Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals79 The cardinal numeral [190] 6180 Declension of cardinal numerals [191] 6281 The numeral одѝн, однá, однó, однѝ [193] 6282 Полторá/полторb́I, два/две, три, четHре, óба/óбе [194] 6383 Numerals five and above [195] 6484 Agreement of oblique cases of numerals полторá/полторb́I to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] 6585 Declension of compound numerals [198] 6686 Collective numerals [200] 6787 Indefinite numerals [201] 6888 Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] 69Ordinal Numerals89 Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [203–4] 70Special Functions of Numerals90 Telling the time [206] 7191 Giving the date [207] 7392 Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] 74The Verb 75Conjugation93 First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] 7594 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] 7795 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs in -ать with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] 7896 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in -ти, -сть/-зть, -чь [218] 7997 Present-future endings in the second conjugation [220–1] 8198 Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] 82Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs 8299 The verb ‘to be’ [226] 84100 Formation of and stress in the imperative [227–8] 85Revision exercise: imperative mood 86101 Formation of the past tense [230–1] 86102 The mobile vowel -o- in conjugation [234] 89Aspect103 Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefixation [239].Submeanings of perfectives [242] 89104 The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] 91105 Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] 91106 Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] 91107 Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] 92108 The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are reflexive in the imperfective aspect only [250–2] 92109 Compounds of -ложить [253] 94110 Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] 94111 The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] 95112 Aspect in the present tense [256] 97113 Aspect in the past tense [257] 98114 Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] 99115 Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] 100116 Negated verbs in the past [262] 100117 Aspect in the future [263] 101118 The ‘logical’ future [264] 102119 The future in reported speech [265] 102120 Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] 103121 Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] 103122 Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] 104123 Negative commands/warnings [273] 104124 Aspect in the infinitive. Introductory [276] 105125 Use of the infinitive to denote habitual actions [277] 105126 Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] 106127 Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] 106128 A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] 107Revision exercises: aspect 108Reflexive Verbs129 Reflexive verbs. The ‘true’ Reflexive [284–5] 110130 Intransitive Reflexives [287] 111131 Reflexive verbs with passive meaning [288] 112132 Reciprocal meanings [289] 112The Passive Voice133 The passive voice [300–3] 113The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods134 The conditional mood [304–5] 114135 Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] 115136 The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] 116137 Purpose clauses [310] 117138 The expression of hypothesis [311] 117139 Concessive constructions [312] 118Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential140 The expression of obligation and necessity [313] 119141 The expression of possibility or potential [314] 120Verbs of Motion142 Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion. Conjugation [315–16] 121143 Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [317–18] 121144 ‘To go’: идтѝ/ходѝть and éхать/éздить [319] 122145 Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [3            20] 122146 Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] 123147 Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] 123148 Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] 124149 The verbs нестѝ, носѝть; вестѝ, водѝть; везтѝ, возѝть. Translation of ‘to drive’ [324–5] 125150 Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] 126151 Compound verbs of motion [331] 126152 Prefixed verbs of motion [332/334] 128153 Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] 129154 Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] 129155 Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] 130156 Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] 130Participles157 Present active participle. Formation and stress [340–1] 131158 The past active participle. Formation and stress [342–3] 132159 The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [344–7] 133160 Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in -ать/-ять [349] 134161 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -ать/-ять [351] 135162 Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [352] 135163 Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infinitives in -ить/-еть [353] 136164 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [354] 137165 Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in -ти, -чь, -зть, -сть [355] 138166 Long-form participles from verbs in -ти, -чь,-зть, -сть [356] 139167 Perfective passive participles in -т [357] 140168 The long form of participles in -т [358] 140169 Functions of short-form participles [359] 140170 Functions of long-form participles [360] 141171 Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] 143172 Text on participles [339–66] 145Gerunds173 Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [368–71] 146174 Formation of the perfective gerund [372–6] 147175 Functions of the gerunds [377] 148176 Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] 149The Adverb 150177 Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [382–3] 150178 Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] 151179 Primary spatial adverbs [387] 152180 Primary adverbs of time [388] 152181 Ещё, ещё не, ещё раз [389–90] 153182 The temporal adverbs дóлго, давнó and недáвно [391] 153183 Тóже, тáкже [394] 154184 Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in -то and -нибудь) [395] 154185 The negative adverbs нигдé, никудá, ниоткýда, никогдá,никáк, нискóлько [396] 155186 The negative adverbs нéгде, нéкуда, нéкогда, нéоткуда,нéзачем [397] 156187 Comparative adverbs [398] 156188 The superlative adverb [400] 157The Preposition 158189 The prepositions о/об/обо [402] 158190 The mobile vowel -о [404] 158Spatial Prepositions191 В and на + prepositional/accusative, из/с + genitive [408] 159192 The use of в and на with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] 160193 Nouns which may be used with в and на, but with different meanings [410] 162194 Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] 164195 Uses of на when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] 165196 В and на: extension of the spatial meanings [413] 165Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to another Object197 Зa + instrumental/accusative, из-за + genitive [414] 165198 Перед + instrumental, вперед + genitive [416] 166199 Под + instrumental/accusative, из-под + genitive [417] 166200 Над + instrumental, повéрх + genitive [418] 167Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement towards or Away from an Object201 У + genitive, к + dative, от + genitive [420] 168Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area202 По + dative; через, сквòзь + accusative; поперёк,вдòль + genitive [424] 169Temporal Prepositions203 Telling the time [426] 170204 Days [427] 171205 Parts of a day [428] 172206 Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] 172207 Во врéмя, в течéние [430] 173The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits208 The use of с + genitive, до + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] 174209 Use of к + dative and по[д + accusative to denote temporal approach [435] 174210 Use of в/за + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of в + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [436–7] 175211 Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] 176Other Meanings212 Prepositions with causal meaning [443] 177213 Prepositions that denote the object of feelings and attitudes [444] 178214 Prepositions that denote extent [445] 178215 Prepositions that denote purpose [446] 179216 По + dative/accusative in distributive meaning [448] 179Other Important Meanings Expressed by Prepositions217 Prepositions that take the accusative [449] 179218 Prepositions that take the genitive [450] 181219 Prepositions that take the dative, instrumental or prepositional [451–3] 183The Conjunction 185Co-ordinating Conjunctions220 Connective and adversative conjunctions [455–6] 185221 Disjunctive conjunctions [457] 186Subordinating Conjunctions222 Explanatory conjunctions [458] 187223 Conjunctions of purpose [460] 187224 Temporal conjunctions. Introductory and those which render ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘until’, ‘since’ [465–6] 188225 Other conjunctions of time [467] 189The Particle 191226 ‘Almost’, ‘only’ [471] 191227 Modal functions of particles [472] 192Word Order 194228 ‘New’ and ‘given’ information [476] 194229 Relative position of subject and verb [477] 195230 Subject, verb, object [478] 196231 The position of the adverb [480] 198232 Sentences that contain more than one adverb or adverbial phrase [481] 199Grammar Quiz 200Key 202