Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711-1492

Timothy M. Flood lives in Bellaire, Michigan.

• Table of ContentsPreface1. On the Eve of Conquest: BeforeThe Visigoths in IberiaThe Arab Conquest of North AfricaCount Julian and Musa ibn Nusayr2. The Muslim Invasion and the Period of Governors: 711–756The Muslim Invasion of IberiaThe Arrival of Musa ibn Nusayr: 712–714The Campaigns of Abd ­al-Aziz: 714–716The Administration of ­al-Hurr: 716–718Pelagius (Pelayo) and the Beginning of Christian ResistanceA Rapid Succession of Governors and Muslim Expansion Norththe PyreneesBerber Uprising and Civil WarExpansion of Asturias During the Reign of Alfonso I (739–757)3. Umayyad Emirs and the Emergence of the Christian North: 756–912The Rise of Abd ­al-Rahman ibn MarwanThe Christian North During the Time of Abd ­al-Rahman IThe Asturian Kingdom and the Reigns of Hisham I (788–796) and ­al-Hakam I (796–822)Carolingian Influence in the Pyrenees After 778Carolingian Control Rebuffed in the Western PyreneesThe Banu Qasi and Pamplona Versus CórdobaRamiro I (842–850) of AsturiasMid–Ninth Century Changes in LeadershipInternal Unrest in ­al-Andalus Under Muhammad I (852–886)The Short Unfortunate Reign of ­al-Mundhir (886–888)The Reign of Abd Allah (888–912)Emerging Independence in the Eastern Pyrenean CountiesFortún Garcés (880?–905), the Last of His Dynasty in Navarre4. The Age of Abd ­al-Rahman III: 912–961Abd ­al-Rahman III Restores the Authority of CórdobaThe Sons of Alfonso III: 910–925The Struggle for La RiojaThe Christian North in a State of Flux: 925–931The Surging Influence of CastileThe Emir Abd ­al-Rahman III (912–961) Becomes CaliphThe Resumption of Conflicts During the Reign of Ramiro II (931–951)Ordoño III (951–956), Sancho I (956...966), and Ordoño IV (958–959)5. From Dominance to Decadence in ­al-Andalus: 961–1031The Kingdoms of León and Navarre in Contest with ­al-Hakam II (961–976)The Reign of Hisham II (976...1013) and the Usurpation of ­al-MansurThe Christian North Oppressed by the Dictatorship of ­al-MansurAbd ­al-Malik ­al-Muzaffar (1002–1008) Maintains Muslim Dominance Over the NorthThe Short Dictatorship of Sanchuelo (1008–1009)Sancho García Aligns with Caliph Sulayman Against Caliph Muhammad II: 1009From Ali ibn Hammud (1016–1018) to Hisham III (1027–1031)The Christian North Benefits from the Civil War in ­al-Andalus6. The Vacillation of Power Between Christian and Muslim Realms: 1035–1109The Disintegration of the Caliphate into Taifa StatesThe Four Sons of Sancho Garcés III—García, Ramiro, Gonzalo, and Fernando: 1035–1065The Sons of Fernando I—Sancho, Alfonso, and García: 1065–1073The Early Success of Alfonso VI: 1073–1085Changes in Leadership in the Eastern Counties: 1035–1096The Rise of the AlmoravidsThe Hegemony of Alfonso VI Is Challenged: 1086–11097. Christian Civil War and Waning Almoravid Power: 1109–1157The Failed Marriage of Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragon and Civil War: 1109–1117León-Castile During the Final Years of Urraca's Reign: 1117–1126The Eastern Counties Under Ramon Berenguer III (1097–1131)The Emergence of PortugalAlfonso I of Aragon, the Battler, During the Truce with León-Castile: 1118–1126Young Alfonso VII and the Elder Battler in Contest: 1126–1134The Reign of Ramiro II and the Union of Aragon and Catalonia: 1134–1137The ­Re-Alignment and Stabilization of Four Christian Realms: 1137–1143The Rise of the AlmohadsThe Christian North Confronts a New Power in ­al-Andalus: 1143–11578. The Division of León-Castile and the Decline of the Almohads: 1157–1214The Division of León-Castile and the Regency of Alfonso VIII: 1157–1169Almohad Campaigns During the Early Reign of Alfonso VIII: 1169–1188The Almohads Successfully Contest Christian Aggression: 1189–1195A Defeated Alfonso VIII Triumphs at Las Navas de Tolosa: 1196–1212The Death of Three Leaders and the End of an Era: 1213–12149. The Age of the Great Christian Conquests and the Era of Alfonso X: 1214–1284The Unfortunate Reign of Enrique I and the Ascendance of Fernando III: 1214–1224The Early Years of Jaume I of ­Aragon-Barcelona: 1213–1228The Reign of Afonso II of Portugal: 1211–1223The Almohad Empire in Disorder and the Renewal of Christian Offensives: 1224–1230Relentless Strikes from a Reunited León-Castile: 1231–1235Jaume I of Aragon Advances on Valencia: 1232–1238Córdoba and Its Environs Fall to the Crown of Castile: 1235–1241The Fall of Murcia, Jaén and the Vassalage of Granada: 1243–1246The Deposition of Sancho II and Portugal’s Advance on the Algarve: 1245–1249The Conquest of Seville and the Last Days of Fernando III: 1246–1252The Early Reign of Alfonso X: 1252–1275The Final Years of Alfonso X: 1275–128410. A Rebellious Nobility During War, Plague and Famine: 1284–1369The Reign of Sancho IV (1284–1295)The Reigns of Pere III (1276–1285), Alfonso III (1285–1291), and Jaume II (1291–1327) of AragonThe Reign of Fernando IV (1295–1312)The Minority of Alfonso XI: 1312–1325Leadership Changes in Portugal, Navarre, Aragon, and Granadathe 1320’sThe Majority of Alfonso XI: 1325–1350The Reign of Pedro I, el Cruel (1350–1369)11. The Age of the Trastámaras: 1369–1479The Reign of the First Trastámara, Enrique II (1369–1379)Juan I (1379–1390) of Castile and the Failed Annexation of PortugalThe Reign of Enrique III (1390–1406) of CastileThe End of the Male Line in Aragon: 1387–1410The Minority of Juan II of Castile and the Rise of FernandoAntequera: 1406–1419The Majority of Juan II of Castile: 1419–1454The Reign of Enrique IV (1454–1474) of CastileCivil War in Navarre and Aragon During the Reign of Joan II: 1441–1472Portugal Under Duarte (1433–1438) and Afonso V (1438...1481)Isabel and Fernando Struggle for Unity and Pacification: 1474–147912. The Catholic Monarchs and the Conquest of Granada: 1480–1492A New Order in Iberia and an Escalation of War with Granada: 1480–1486The Fall of Málaga, Eastern Andalucia, and Granada: 1487–1492Appendix I: ListsVisigothic RulersUmayyad Governors, Emirs, Caliphs 632–1031Almoravid and Almohad LeadersThe Nasrids of GranadaAppendix II: MapsMap 1: Roman ProvincesMap 2: Visigothic Settlement Between Bordeaux and ToulouseMap 3: Visigothic Conquests Under Leovigild, Sisebut and SuintilaMap 4: The Muslim Conquest of North AfricaMap 5: Muslim Invasion Routes in Iberia: 711–714Map 6: Iberia Circa 930Map 7: The Early County of CastileMap 8: Locations in La RiojaMap 9: Christian Advances by 1076, 1086, 1157, 1230, and 1252Appendix III: Genealogical ChartsChart 1: The Kings of Asturias: 718–910Chart 2: The Counts of Aragon: 809–922Chart 3: The Kings of Pamplona: 824–905Chart 4: The Counts of Ribagorça-PallarsChart 5: The Counts of the Eastern Pyrenees: 812–1038Chart 6: The Banu QasiChart 7: The Kings of Navarre: 905–1076Chart 8: The Kings of León: 866–1037Chart 9: The Counts of Castile: 931–1037Chart 10: The Kings of León-Castile: 1037–1252Chart 11: The Kings of Aragon: 1035–1162Chart 12: The Counts of the Eastern Pyrenees: 1035–1162Chart 13: The Kings of Navarre Restored: 1134–1305Chart 14: The ­Count-Kings of ­Aragon-Barcelona: 1131–1387Chart 15: The Kings of Portugal: 1139–1367Chart 16: The Kings of León-Castile: 1252–1369Chart 17: The Kings of León-Castile: 1350–1504Chart 18: The French Rulers of Navarre: 1305–1518Chart 19: The Kings of Portugal: 1357–1495Chart 20: The ­Count-Kings of ­Aragon-Barcelona: 1387–1516Works ConsultedIndex