RF/Microwave Engineering and Applications in Energy Systems

Abdullah Eroglu is Chair and Professor of Electrical Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University, NC, USA and Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering at Purdue University Indiana, USA. His research focuses on antennas, RF/μW/THz circuit design, and wave propagation, metamaterials, RF Amplifier Topologies and Linearization Methods, and RF Control Systems. He has authored six books and edited one book and in excess of 140 journal and conference publications.

• Preface xiiiBiography xvAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals 11.2.1 Vector Analysis 11.2.1.1 Unit Vector Relationship 11.2.1.2 Vector Operations and Properties 21.2.2 Coordinate Systems 41.2.2.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 41.2.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 51.2.2.3 Spherical Coordinate System 61.2.3 Differential Length (dl), Differential Area (ds), and Differential Volume (dv) 81.2.3.1 dl, ds, and dv in a Cartesian Coordinate System 81.2.3.2 dl, ds, and dv in a Cylindrical Coordinate System 81.2.3.3 dl, ds, and dv in a Spherical Coordinate System 91.2.4 Line Integral 101.2.5 Surface Integral 121.2.6 Volume Integral 121.3 Vector Operators and Theorems 131.3.1 Del Operator 131.3.2 Gradient 131.3.3 Divergence 151.3.4 Curl 161.3.5 Divergence Theorem 161.3.6 Stokes’ Theorem 191.4 Maxwell’s Equations 211.4.1 Differential Forms of Maxwell’s Equations 211.4.2 Integral Forms of Maxwell’s Equations 221.5 Time Harmonic Fields 23References 25Problems 252 Passive and Active Components 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Resistors 272.3 Capacitors 292.4 Inductors 322.4.1 Air Core Inductor Design 342.4.2 Magnetic Core Inductor Design 362.4.3 Planar Inductor Design 372.4.4 Transformers 382.5 Semiconductor Materials and Active Devices 392.5.1 Si 402.5.2 Wide-Bandgap Devices 402.5.2.1 GaAs 412.5.2.2 GaN 412.5.3 Active Devices 412.5.3.1 BJT and HBTs 412.5.3.2 FETs 432.5.3.3 MOSFETs 442.5.3.4 LDMOS 532.5.3.5 High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) 542.6 Engineering Application Examples 55References 62Problems 633 Transmission Lines 713.1 Introduction 713.2 Transmission Line Analysis 713.2.1 Limiting Cases for Transmission Lines 753.2.2 Transmission Line Parameters 763.2.2.1 Coaxial Line 763.2.2.2 Two-wire Transmission Line 803.2.2.3 Parallel Plate Transmission Line 803.2.3 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines 813.2.4 Special Cases of Terminated Transmission Lines 853.2.4.1 Short-circuited Line 853.2.4.2 Open-circuited Line 853.3 Smith Chart 863.3.1 Input Impedance Determination with a Smith Chart 913.3.2 Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart 953.3.3 ZY Smith Chart and Its Applications 953.4 Microstrip Lines 973.5 Striplines 1043.6 Engineering Application Examples 107References 109Problems 1094 Network Parameters 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Impedance Parameters – Z Parameters 1134.3 Y Admittance Parameters 1164.4 ABCD Parameters 1174.5 h Hybrid Parameters 1174.6 Network Connections 1234.7 MATLAB Implementation of Network Parameters 1294.8 S-Scattering Parameters 1414.8.1 One-port Network 1414.8.2 N-port Network 1434.8.3 Normalized Scattering Parameters 1464.9 Measurement of S Parameters 1544.9.1 Measurement of S Parameters for Two-port Network 1544.9.2 Measurement of S Parameters for a Three-port Network 1564.10 Chain Scattering Parameters 1584.11 Engineering Application Examples 160References 176Problems 1765 Impedance Matching 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 Impedance Matching Network with Lumped Elements 1815.3 Impedance Matching with a Smith Chart – Graphical Method 1845.4 Impedance Matching Network with Transmission Lines 1875.4.1 Quarter-wave Transformers 1875.4.2 Single Stub Tuning 1885.4.2.1 Shunt Single Stub Tuning 1885.4.2.2 Series Single Stub Tuning 1895.4.3 Double Stub Tuning 1905.5 Impedance Transformation and Matching between Source and Load Impedances 1935.6 Bandwidth of Matching Networks 1955.7 Engineering Application Examples 197References 219Problems 2206 Resonator Circuits 2236.1 Introduction 2236.2 Parallel and Series Resonant Networks 2236.2.1 Parallel Resonance 2236.2.2 Series Resonance 2296.3 Practical Resonances with Loss, Loading, and Coupling Effects 2326.3.1 Component Resonances 2326.3.2 Parallel LC Networks 2356.3.2.1 Parallel LC Networks with Ideal Components 2356.3.2.2 Parallel LC Networks with Nonideal Components 2366.3.2.3 Loading Effects on Parallel LC Networks 2376.3.2.4 LC Network Transformations 2406.3.2.5 LC Network with Series Loss 2446.4 Coupling of Resonators 2456.5 LC Resonators as Impedance Transformers 2496.5.1 Inductive Load 2496.5.2 Capacitive Load 2506.6 Tapped Resonators as Impedance Transformers 2526.6.1 Tapped-C Impedance Transformer 2526.6.2 Tapped-L Impedance Transformer 2566.7 Engineering Application Examples 256References 265Problems 2657 Couplers, Combiners, and Dividers 2717.1 Introduction 2717.2 Directional Couplers 2717.2.1 Microstrip Directional Couplers 2727.2.1.1 Two-line Microstrip Directional Couplers 2727.2.1.2 Three-line Microstrip Directional Couplers 2767.2.2 Multilayer and Multiline Planar Directional Couplers 2797.2.3 Transformer Coupled Directional Couplers 2817.2.3.1 Four-port Directional Coupler Design and Implementation 2827.2.3.2 Six-port Directional Coupler Design 2847.3 Multistate Reflectometers 2897.3.1 Multistate Reflectometer Based on Four-port Network and Variable Attenuator 2897.4 Combiners and Dividers 2927.4.1 Analysis of Combiners and Dividers 2927.4.2 Analysis of Dividers with Different Source Impedance 3007.4.3 Microstrip Implementation of Combiners/Dividers 3137.5 Engineering Application Examples 318References 347Problems 3488 Filters 3518.1 Introduction 3518.2 Filter Design Procedure 3518.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method 3608.3.1 Low Pass Filters 3618.3.1.1 Binomial Filter Response 3628.3.1.2 Chebyshev Filter Response 3658.3.2 High Pass Filters 3768.3.3 Bandpass Filters 3788.3.4 Bandstop Filters 3828.4 Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filters 3838.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator Bandpass Filters 3868.6 Edge/Parallel-coupled, Half-wavelength Resonator Bandpass Filters 3888.7 End-Coupled, Capacitive Gap, Half-Wavelength Resonator Bandpass Filters 3948.8 Tunable Tapped Combline Bandpass Filters 4008.8.1 Network Parameter Representation of Tunable Tapped Filter 4028.9 Dual Band Bandpass Filters using Composite Transmission Lines 4058.10 Engineering Application Examples 406References 422Problems 4229 Waveguides 4259.1 Introduction 4259.2 Rectangular Waveguides 4259.2.1 Waveguide Design with Isotropic Media 4269.2.1.1 TEmn Modes 4279.2.2 Waveguide Design with Gyrotropic Media 4299.2.2.1 TEm0 Modes 4319.2.3 Waveguide Design with Anisotropic Media 4329.3 Cylindrical Waveguides 4429.3.1 TE Modes 4429.3.2 TM Modes 4449.4 Waveguide Phase Shifter Design 4449.5 Engineering Application Examples 446References 454Problems 45410 Power Amplifiers 45710.1 Introduction 45710.2 Amplifier Parameters 45710.2.1 Gain 45710.2.2 Efficiency 45910.2.3 Power Output Capability 46010.2.4 Linearity 46010.2.5 1 dB Compression Point 46110.2.6 Harmonic Distortion 46210.2.7 Intermodulation 46510.3 Small Signal Amplifier Design 47010.3.1 DC Biasing Circuits 47110.3.2 BJT Biasing Circuits 47210.3.2.1 Fixed Bias 47310.3.2.2 Stable Bias 47410.3.2.3 Self-bias 47510.3.2.4 Emitter Bias 47610.3.2.5 Active Bias Circuit 47710.3.2.6 Bias Circuit using Linear Regulator 47710.3.3 FET Biasing Circuits 47710.3.4 Small Signal Amplifier Design Method 47810.3.4.1 Definitions Power Gains for Small Signal Amplifiers 47810.3.4.2 Design Steps for Small Signal Amplifier 48210.3.4.3 Small Signal Amplifier Stability 48310.3.4.4 Constant Gain Circles 48810.3.4.5 Unilateral Figure of Merit 49310.4 Engineering Application Examples 494References 508Problems 50911 Antennas 51311.1 Introduction 51311.2 Antenna Parameters 51411.3 Wire Antennas 52111.3.1 Infinitesimal (Hertzian) Dipole (l ≤ λ/50) 52111.3.2 Short Dipole ( λ/50 ≤ l ≤ λ/10) 52411.3.3 Half-wave Dipole (l = λ/2) 52511.4 Microstrip Antennas 53111.4.1 Type of Patch Antennas 53311.4.2 Feeding Methods 53311.4.2.1 Microstrip Line Feed 53311.4.2.2 Proximity Coupling 53611.4.3 Microstrip Antenna Analysis – Transmission Line Method 53611.4.4 Impedance Matching 53711.5 Engineering Application Examples 539References 552Problems 55212 RF Wireless Communication Basics for Emerging Technologies 55512.1 Introduction 55512.2 Wireless Technology Basics 55512.3 Standard Protocol vs Proprietary Protocol 55612.3.1 Standard Protocols 55612.3.2 Proprietary Protocols 55612.3.2.1 Physical Layer Only Approach 55712.4 Overview of Protocols 55712.4.1 ZigBee 55712.4.2 LowPAN 55812.4.3 Wi-Fi 55812.4.4 Bluetooth 56012.5 RFIDs 56012.5.1 Active RFID Tags 56212.5.2 Passive RFID Tags 56212.5.3 RFID Frequencies 56212.5.3.1 Low Frequency ~124 kHz and High Frequency ~13.56 MHz 56212.5.3.2 Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) Tags ~423 MHz–2.45 GHz 56312.6 RF Technology for Implantable Medical Devices 56312.6.1 Challenges with IMDs 56412.6.1.1 Biocompatibility 56412.6.1.2 Frequency 56412.6.1.3 Dimension Constraints 56412.7 Engineering Application Examples 565References 57613 Energy Harvesting and HVAC Systems with RF Signals 57713.1 Introduction 57713.2 RF Energy Harvesting 57713.3 RF Energy Harvesting System Design for Dual Band Operation 57813.3.1 Matching Network for Energy Harvester 58013.3.2 RF–DC Conversion for Energy Harvester 58213.3.3 Clamper and Peak Detector Circuits 58213.3.4 Cascaded Rectifier 58413.3.5 Villard Voltage Multiplier 58413.3.6 RF–DC Rectifier Stages 58413.4 Diode Threshold Vth Cancellation 58513.4.1 Internal Vth Cancellation 58513.4.2 External Vth Cancellation 58613.4.3 Self-Vth Cancellation 58613.5 HVAC Systems 58713.6 Engineering Application Examples 588References 609Index 611