China has certainly risen, but will it be free? This is the provocative question at the hub of James Tong's book. While many theories predict that modernization will weaken the state's power to monitor and punish deviance, thereby permitting pluralism to emerge, Tong subjects these assumptions to a systematic empirical test. In a comparative analysis of the 1999 campaign to eradicate Falungong, the quasi-religious exercise association, he finds the Chinese Party-state still to be suffocatingly powerful-though perhaps less so than before.