Reinforced Concrete from 1906 to Today

Xavier Lauzin is an expert in civil engineering structures. He is a graduate of ESTP and teaches at CESI, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Office International de l'Eau and ENGEES, France.Liliya Shakamalova is a specialist in Franco-Russian building and civil engineering structures. She is a graduate of the Engineering Faculty of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Department of Construction, Russia.

• Introduction xvChapter 1 Material Strength 11.1 Compression and traction 31.2 Pure flexion 51.3 Shear strain 71.4 Torsion 81.4.1 Circular section 91.4.2 Applying this to a circle 91.4.3 Rectangular section 91.5 Spherical shell theory 101.6 Cylindrical shell theory 12Chapter 2 Concrete 152.1 Overview 152.2 The composition of the concrete 212.2.1 Cement 212.2.2 Aggregates 212.2.3 Mixing water 222.2.4 Adjuvants 222.2.5 The mechanical characteristics of concrete 23Chapter 3 Ministerial Guidelines of October 20, 1906, on the Use of Reinforced Concrete 273.1 Overview 273.2 Calculation bases: requirements 283.2.1 Basic requirements 283.2.2 Project usage duration 283.2.3 Thermal effects 293.2.4 Settlements and differential movements 293.2.5 Material properties 293.3 Materials 293.3.1 Concrete 293.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 313.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 323.4.1 Overview 323.4.2 Durability requirement 333.4.3 Cover 333.5 Structural analysis 343.5.1 Overview 343.5.2 Loads cases and combinations 343.5.3 Second-order effects 343.5.4 Modeling the structure 343.6 Calculating the structures 353.6.1 Simple compression 353.6.2 Compression with bending 353.6.3 Bending 363.6.4 Buckling 373.6.5 Design 383.7 Constructive provisions 413.7.1 Pouring concrete 423.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 423.7.3 Construction joints of concrete 423.7.4 Curing of the concrete 42Chapter 4 The January 1913 Technical Note on the Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Works 454.1 Overview 454.2 Calculation bases 454.3 Materials 464.3.1 Concrete 464.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 464.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 474.5 Structural analysis 474.6 Calculation of the structures 474.6.1 Simple compression 474.6.2 Bending 484.7 Examples of finished structures 524.7.1 1927 tank 524.7.2 1928 tanks 574.7.3 The “Pauchot reinforced stone” 714.7.4 Hangar for two airships in Luçon (Vendée, France) 73Chapter 5. The Ministerial Guidelines of July 19, 1934 on the Use of Reinforced Concrete 755.1 Overview 755.2 Calculation bases: requirements 775.2.1 Basic requirements 775.2.2 Project usage duration 775.2.3 Thermal effects 775.2.4 Settlements and differential movements 775.2.5 Material properties 775.3 Materials 785.3.1 Concrete 785.3.2 Reinforced concrete steel 795.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 815.4.1 Overview 815.4.2 Durability 815.4.3 Cover 815.5 Structural analysis 825.5.1 Overview 825.5.2 Load combinations 825.5.3 Second-order effects 825.5.4 Structural modeling 835.6 Structural calculations 835.6.1 Simple compression 835.6.2 Compression with bending 835.6.3 Bending 845.6.4 Buckling 845.6.5 Example of simple compression calculation 855.7 Constructive provisions 865.7.1 Concrete pouring 865.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and the formwork 875.7.3 Construction joints treatment 875.7.4 Note No 1: Appendix II 875.7.5 Note No 2: Regulation on reinforced concrete constructions (emanating from the Trade Union Chamber in January 1930) 885.8 Comments 915.8.1 General comments 915.8.2 Comparison between the 1906 and 1934 regulations 935.8.3 Practical data 965.8.4 Examples of the Boussiron hangars 97Chapter 6 BA 45 Regulations 1076.1 Overview 1076.2 Calculation bases: requirements 1086.2.1 Basic requirements 1086.2.2 Project usage duration 1086.2.3 Thermal effects 1086.2.4 Differential settlements and movements 1086.3 Materials 1096.3.1 Concrete 1096.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 1106.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 1116.4.1 Overview 1116.4.2 Durability 1126.4.3 Cover 1126.5 Structural analysis 1126.5.1 Overview 1126.5.2 Load combinations 1126.5.3 Second-order effects 1136.5.4 Modeling the structure 1136.6 Structural calculations 1136.6.1 Simple compression 1136.6.2 Compression with bending 1146.6.3 Bending 1156.6.4 Buckling 1196.7 Constructive provisions 1206.7.1 Pouring concrete 1206.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and the formwork 1206.7.3 Construction joint treatment 1216.7.4 Concrete curing 1216.7.5 Concrete inspection tests 1216.8 Application to the calculation of circular tanks 1216.8.1 Calculation of the main reinforcements 1216.8.2 Calculating the distribution reinforcement 1236.8.3 Calculation of concrete wall thicknesses 1236.8.4 Cover dome study 1256.8.5 Vertical wall study 1276.8.6 Truncated cone study 1286.8.7 Bottom dome study 1306.9 Practical considerations on tank design according to the 1945 regulations 1336.9.1 Tank compartmentalization 1336.9.2 The tank cover 1346.9.3 The external vertical walls of the tank 1346.9.4 The interior vertical walls of the tank 1346.9.5 Bottom dome 1346.9.6 Tank support 1356.9.7 General recommendations 1366.10 Practical considerations on the design of silos according to the 1945 regulations 1376.10.1 Overview 1376.10.2 Formulas determined by the 1943 commission 1396.10.3 Overpressure in cells during emptying 1426.10.4 Example of calculating the size of a square cell in reinforced concrete according to the previous formulas 144Chapter 7 BA 60 Regulations (Modified in 1964) 1477.1 Overview 1477.2 Calculation bases: requirements 1487.2.1 Basic requirements 1487.2.2 Project usage duration 1487.2.3 Thermal effects 1487.2.4 Shrinking and differential movements 1497.3 Materials 1497.3.1 Concrete 1497.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 1527.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 1547.4.1 Overview 1547.4.2 Durability requirement 1547.4.3 Cover 1557.5 Structural analysis 1557.5.1 Overview 1557.5.2 Load combinations 1557.5.3 Second-order effects 1567.5.4 Structural modeling 1567.6 Structural calculations 1567.6.1 Compression simple 1567.6.2 Bending–compression with bending 1567.6.3 Tensile strength 1597.6.4 Buckling 1597.6.5 Punching shear 1617.6.6 Torsion 1627.7 Constructive provisions 1657.7.1 Concrete pouring 1657.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 1657.7.3 Concrete joints 1657.7.4 Concrete setting 1657.7.5 Concrete control tests 1657.7.6 Constructive arrangements of the reinforcements 1667.8 Application to tank calculation 1697.8.1 Flat wall tanks 1697.8.2 Circular tanks 1717.9 1964 Amendment (circular no 70 of November 14, 1964) 1747.10 Tanks: 1966 CSNCCABP specifications 1767.10.1 Classification of structures – waterproofing criterion 1767.10.2 Concrete composition and exposure class 1767.10.3 Note on the justification of the tanks with BA 60 1777.10.4 Minimum constructive provisions 1787.11 Comparison between booklet 61 and the BA 60 regulations 179Chapter 8 Ccba 68 1838.1 Overview 1838.2 Calculation bases: requirements 1848.2.1 Basic requirements 1848.2.2 Project duration 1858.2.3 Thermal effects 1858.2.4 Settlement and differential movements 1858.2.5 Material properties 1858.3 Materials 1868.3.1 Concrete 1868.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 1898.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 1928.4.1 Overview 1928.4.2 Durability requirement 1928.4.3 Cover 1928.5 Structural analysis 1928.5.1 Overview 1928.5.2 Load combinations 1938.5.3 Second-order effects 1958.5.4 Structural modeling 1958.6 Calculation of structures 1958.6.1 Simple compression 1958.6.2 Bending–compression with bending 1978.6.3 Traction 1998.6.4 Punching stress 1998.6.5 Buckling 2008.7 Constructive provisions 2018.7.1 Concrete pouring 2018.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 2018.7.3 Concrete joint 2028.7.4 Concrete setting 2028.8 Comparison between the 1960 regulation (revised in 1964) and that of 1968 (revised in 1970) 2028.9 Example of calculating an underground tank 2048.9.1 Full tank 2078.9.2 Empty tank 2088.10 Earthquake Regulations of 1969 2098.10.1 Overview 2098.10.2 Principles of seismic design 2118.10.3 Special regulations for reinforced concrete structures 2128.10.4 Calculation method of reinforced concrete structures 2128.10.5 Structural calculation methods 2148.11 Special cases of silos 2208.11.1 Overview 2208.11.2 Determining actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo 2238.11.3 Determining nominal actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo with normal emptying 2248.11.4 Determining nominal actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo with abnormal emptying 2258.11.5 Special requirements for reinforced concrete structures 2298.11.6 Example: determining the dimensions of a reinforced concrete silo 232Chapter 9 BAEL 80 Regulations 2379.1 Overview 2379.2 Calculation bases: requirements 2409.2.1 Basic requirements 2409.2.2 Project service life 2419.2.3 Thermal effects 2419.2.4 Differential settlements 2429.2.5 Material properties 2429.3 Materials 2439.3.1 Concrete 2439.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 2449.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 2479.4.1 Overview 2479.4.2 Durability requirements 2479.4.3 Cover 2489.5 Structural analysis 2499.5.1 Overview 2499.5.2 Load combinations 2499.5.3 Second-order effects 2519.5.4 Modeling the structure 2529.6 Structural calculations 2529.6.1 Simple compression 2529.6.2 Compression with flexion 2539.6.3 Bending 2549.6.4 Buckling 2589.6.5 Justifications for tangent stresses 2589.7 Constructive provisions 2609.7.1 Pouring concrete 2609.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 2609.7.3 Concrete recovery 2619.7.4 Vacuum thrust 2619.7.5 Special provisions of compressed elements 2619.7.6 Slabs on continuous supports 2629.8 Special case of tanks: booklet 74 of 1983 2639.8.1 Classification of structures in terms of waterproofing 2639.8.2 Constructive provisions 2649.8.3 Loads 2649.9 Special case of tanks: booklet 74 of 1998 2669.9.1 Classification of structures in terms of waterproofing 2669.9.2 Constructive provisions 2689.9.3 Requirements for slabs and tank undersides resting directly on the ground 2689.9.4 Special provisions for domes 2699.9.5 Loads 2699.9.6 Specific provisions 2709.10 Special case of silos: professional regulations of 1986 2719.10.1 Load combinations 2719.10.2 Section supporting calculations 2729.10.3 Storage warehouses and tank silos 2739.11 The 1969 earthquake regulations revised in 1982 2759.12 The 1991 amendments to the BAEL 1983 regulations 2769.13 The 1995 amendments to the PS regulations 2849.13.1 Provisions common to beams and posts 2909.13.2 Specific provisions for bent elements 2909.13.3 Specific provisions for compressed elements 2919.13.4 Knot-specific provisions 2929.13.5 Specific provisions for walls 2929.13.6 Specific arrangements for the slabs and diaphragms 2939.13.7 Behavioral coefficient 2939.13.8 Safety check 295Chapter 10 European, American and Russian Normative Codes 29710.1 European codes (Eurocodes) 29710.1.1 Overview 29710.1.2 Eurocodes calculation bases 29810.1.3 Structural analysis 30310.1.4 Mastering cracking 30410.2 The American Code ACI 318 M-19 30510.2.1 Overview 30510.2.2 Calculation requirements 30610.2.3 Materials 30710.2.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 30810.2.5 Structural analysis 31310.2.6 Structural calculations 31510.2.7 Constructive provisions 32110.3 The Russian standard SP63.13330.2018 32410.3.1 Overview 32410.3.2 Calculation bases 32410.3.3 Requirements 32510.3.4 Project life time 32610.3.5 Thermal effects 32610.3.6 Settlements and differential movements 32610.3.7 Materials 32610.3.8 Durability and concrete cover 32910.3.9 Structural analysis 33110.3.10 Structural calculations 33410.3.11 Constructive provisions: standard SP70.13330.2012 338Appendices 341Appendix 1 Characteristics of the Steel Used in the Different Regulations 343Appendix 2 Characteristics of Concrete Used in the Various Regulations 347Appendix 3 Example of Calculations According to the Different Regulations 349References 355Index 357